1. Perception: We perceive with our senses: smell, touch, sight.. What meaning do we make of these perceptions? We use “mental maps” which include our beliefs of what is true, false, right, wrong, how we think of other things/life, etc. NB: there can be more than one map! How can we be sure that our mental map is “correct”?

2. Mercator Projection : shows lines of true bearing

3. Peters projection: shows accurate area

4. The world is spherical, but maps are flat Mercator: developed for use at sea, 1569. Greenland appears to be the same size as Africa, yet Africa's land mass is actually fourteen times larger! Peters: 1970s, misrepresents distance everywhere except along 45 N & S. Peters's and all other cylindric projections are especially bad.. because east-west distances inevitably balloon toward the poles. “All maps distort distance, shape, area, or direction to present a map that meets the users' needs. No world projection is good at preserving distances everywhere” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters_projection

5. “The map is not the territory; the thing is not the thing named” (G. Bateson, 1979)

6. Can we gain knowledge, to be sure about something? It’s not just something I believe in; I know it to be true! List three things you are sure of.

7. Truth matters! Historical truths Did the Americans really land on the moon? Was there an Armenian genocide in the early 20 th C? Scientific truths Does this medicine work?

8. The ToK diagram

9. w3 Pages & The ToK book w3 Subject pages – Theory of Knowledge R. van de Lagemaat, 2005. Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K. Introduction: The natural sciences: black boxes.

10. “scientific method” Perception. Engage brain! Hypothesis: a suggested explanation...... which must be tested. An experiment tests an hypothesis. Results either support, or falsify, the hypothesis.