1. What does Antarctica really look like? Projections are important… Sharon Grant – iDigBio Train-the-Trainers Geo-referencing Workshop II. August 2013

2. It was easier when the world was flat! Aristotle Pythagoras Magellan

3. Transforming a three dimensional space onto a two dimensional map is called 'projection'. Projection formulas are mathematical expressions which convert data from a geographical location (latitude and longitude) on a sphere or spheroid to a representative location on a flat surface. Make is flat again!

4. Distortions All projections result in some distortion of the relationships between features on the sphere when they are projected onto a flat surface. These include: –the direction between one feature and another –the distance between one feature and another –the shape of a feature –the area of a feature These distortions are in part due to the changing relationship between latitude and longitude as you move around the earth. Near the Equator a ‘block’ of 1°x1° latitude and longitude is almost a square, however the same ‘block’ near the poles is almost a triangle.

5. China’s 1418 World Map / Piri Re’s 1513 / / Oronce Fine heart-shaped map 1531

6. Mercator

7. Lambert conformal conic

8. Azimuthal equidistant

9. Polar stereographic

10. Resources http://www.icsm.gov.au/mapping/about_projections.html http://classroom.antarctica.gov.au/exploring/mapping/map-projections http://www.icsm.gov.au/mapping/about_projections.html http://new.antarctica.ac.uk/apc/ http://nsidc.org/api/metadata?id=nsidc-0075 http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/geography/maps.php http://strangemaps.wordpress.com/?s=Antarctica http://badarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/old-maps-the-americas- and-antarctica/http://badarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/old-maps-the-americas- and-antarctica/ http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/664/whats-the-difference-between- a-projection-and-a-datumhttp://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/664/whats-the-difference-between- a-projection-and-a-datum

11. Something interesting at the end http://www.flickr.com/photos/sbprzd/sets/7 2057594138628700/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/sbprzd/sets/7 2057594138628700/