1. Understanding Rocks Earth and sky, woods and fields, lakes and rivers, the mountain and the sea, are excellent schoolmasters, and teach some of us more than we can ever learn from books. John Lubbock A self guided tour links Credits Start the tour About The Teacher

2. Mr. Stephens Employer: Brandywine Heights Area School District Address: 200 W Weiss St. Topton PA. 19562 Email: benste@bhasd.org benste@bhasd.org Job Title: 8 th Grade Earth/Space Science Teacher Phone: (610) 682-5131 Hours of Work: 7:30am until 3:00 pm previous Self portrait

3. The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle The process by which one rock type changes into another. Each rock is classified by texture, composition and color. texture compositioncolortexture compositioncolor IgneousSedimentary Metamorphic

4. Additional info previous

5. Credits Background slide one http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/22/lava-rock- formations_8244.jpg Background slide one http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/22/lava-rock- formations_8244.jpghttp://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/22/lava-rock- formations_8244.jpghttp://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/22/lava-rock- formations_8244.jpg Credit button http://www.dieuestam0ur.com/credits-button.jpg Credit button http://www.dieuestam0ur.com/credits-button.jpghttp://www.dieuestam0ur.com/credits-button.jpg Home button http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9raJS75Kbcs/R71qLjn7HvI/AAAAAAAABP4/RnVLRUJ1hKg/s320/phot oshop-website-home-button-icon36-thumb.gif Home button http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9raJS75Kbcs/R71qLjn7HvI/AAAAAAAABP4/RnVLRUJ1hKg/s320/phot oshop-website-home-button-icon36-thumb.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9raJS75Kbcs/R71qLjn7HvI/AAAAAAAABP4/RnVLRUJ1hKg/s320/phot oshop-website-home-button-icon36-thumb.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9raJS75Kbcs/R71qLjn7HvI/AAAAAAAABP4/RnVLRUJ1hKg/s320/phot oshop-website-home-button-icon36-thumb.gif The Rock Cycle http://www.unificationtheory.com/images/Rock-Cycle.jpg The Rock Cycle http://www.unificationtheory.com/images/Rock-Cycle.jpghttp://www.unificationtheory.com/images/Rock-Cycle.jpg Additional Info slide 4 http://cd7.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cd7/website/BluePlanet.htm Additional Info slide 4 http://cd7.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cd7/website/BluePlanet.htmhttp://cd7.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cd7/website/BluePlanet.htm Igneous rock slide 4 http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/images/lava_flow. jpg Igneous rock slide 4 http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/images/lava_flow. jpg http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/images/lava_flow. jpg http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/images/lava_flow. jpg Metamorphic rock slide 4 http://www.americansouthwest.net/arizona/photographs700/bwrocks.jpg Metamorphic rock slide 4 http://www.americansouthwest.net/arizona/photographs700/bwrocks.jpg Sedimentary rock slide 4 http://eqdoc.home.netcom.com/sltinclinedrx.jpg Sedimentary rock slide 4 http://eqdoc.home.netcom.com/sltinclinedrx.jpghttp://eqdoc.home.netcom.com/sltinclinedrx.jpg Sedimentary rock formation slide 5 http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/nsask/images/rocks1_e.jpg Sedimentary rock formation slide 5 http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/nsask/images/rocks1_e.jpg Igneous Formation slide 7 http://www.revisionworld.com/files/igneous.jpg Igneous Formation slide 7 http://www.revisionworld.com/files/igneous.jpghttp://www.revisionworld.com/files/igneous.jpg Granite slide 9 http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/geology/rocks/igneous/pictures/granite2.jpg Granite slide 9 http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/geology/rocks/igneous/pictures/granite2.jpg http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/geology/rocks/igneous/pictures/granite2.jpg previousnext

6. Additional Credits Additional Credits Diorite http://www.bgsd.k12.wa.us/hml/jr_cam/science/rocks/%20web_rocks/diorite.jpg Diorite http://www.bgsd.k12.wa.us/hml/jr_cam/science/rocks/%20web_rocks/diorite.jpghttp://www.bgsd.k12.wa.us/hml/jr_cam/science/rocks/%20web_rocks/diorite.jpg Granite samples http://www.stonemastersofidaho.com/images/Granite-main.jpg Granite samples http://www.stonemastersofidaho.com/images/Granite-main.jpg Rhyolite http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/glossary/icons/rhyolite.jpg Rhyolite http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/glossary/icons/rhyolite.jpghttp://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/glossary/icons/rhyolite.jpg Basalt http://www.basalt.com.au/_borders/Basalt.jpg Basalt http://www.basalt.com.au/_borders/Basalt.jpg Andesite http://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/research/general_geology/rocks- minerals/images/andesite.jpg Andesite http://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/research/general_geology/rocks- minerals/images/andesite.jpghttp://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/research/general_geology/rocks- minerals/images/andesite.jpghttp://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/research/general_geology/rocks- minerals/images/andesite.jpg Fine grained siltstone http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/gold/nugget/images/fig24.jpg Fine grained siltstone http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/gold/nugget/images/fig24.jpghttp://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/photolib/gold/nugget/images/fig24.jpg Sandstone http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/core332/images/sanstone.jpg Sandstone http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/core332/images/sanstone.jpghttp://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/core332/images/sanstone.jpg Temperature and pressure graph http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/study302.jpg Temperature and pressure graph http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/study302.jpghttp://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/study302.jpg Contact metamorphism drawing http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2//wisc/jpeg/metam.jpg Contact metamorphism drawing http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2//wisc/jpeg/metam.jpg Contact metamorphism image http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/9/S/contactmetamorph.jpg Contact metamorphism image http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/9/S/contactmetamorph.jpghttp://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/9/S/contactmetamorph.jpg Cliff erosion http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/gallery_images/0805/0000/0276/100_0157_mid.jpg Cliff erosion http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/gallery_images/0805/0000/0276/100_0157_mid.jpghttp://gallery.nen.gov.uk/gallery_images/0805/0000/0276/100_0157_mid.jpg Deposition http://www.belmont.sd62.bc.ca/teacher/geology12/photos/erosion- water/deposition-sediments.jpg Deposition http://www.belmont.sd62.bc.ca/teacher/geology12/photos/erosion- water/deposition-sediments.jpghttp://www.belmont.sd62.bc.ca/teacher/geology12/photos/erosion- water/deposition-sediments.jpghttp://www.belmont.sd62.bc.ca/teacher/geology12/photos/erosion- water/deposition-sediments.jpg previous

7. Sedimentary Rocks Rocks that form when sediments are compacted and cemented together. previousnext

8. Sedimentary rock Formation Grains of sand and sediment eroded by weathering Grains of sand and sediment eroded by weathering Form thick layers that are eventually cemented together Form thick layers that are eventually cemented together Commonly formed on the ocean floor and other low areas Commonly formed on the ocean floor and other low areas The most common rock found on the Earth’s surface The most common rock found on the Earth’s surface previousnext http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etu9BWbuDlY

9. Weathering Notice the erosion taking place on the face of the cliff. The material collecting on the beach will eventually turn into a sedimentary rock. previousnext

10. Deposition Eroded materials that are carried by water are eventually deposited in ponds, lakes or oceans. Particles are deposited according to size. previous

11. Texture The texture is determined by the size and shapes of the rock’s grains The texture is determined by the size and shapes of the rock’s grains Fine grained – silt or clay particles Fine grained – silt or clay particles Fine grained Fine grained Medium Grained – sand Medium Grained – sand Medium Grained Medium Grained Coarse Grained – pebbles Coarse Grained – pebbles Coarse Grained Coarse Grained previous

12. Fine grained Fine grained siltstone previous Notice how difficult it is to see each mineral particle. In fine grained rocks the gains are tightly packed together.

13. Medium Grained If you look closely you can see the different rock grains that make up this rock. Sandstone previous

14. Coarse Grained Bits and pieces of pebbles and rocks naturally cemented together. Notice how much larger the particles are compared to the medium and fine grained samples. Coarse grained conglomerate previous

15. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Rock fragments are compacted and cemented together Rock fragments are compacted and cemented together Classified according to grain size Classified according to grain size Coarse-grained to fine-grained Pebbles, sand, silt and clay Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale

16. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Form from solutions of minerals in water Form from solutions of minerals in water Minerals can precipitate out of water solution Minerals can precipitate out of water solution Chert Rock SaltLimestone Dolomite

17. Organic Sedimentary Rocks Coal Coquina Chalk Formed by the accumulation of organic debris Formed by the accumulation of organic debris Plant and animal material Plant and animal material

18. Metamorphic Rocks Rocks that forms when the texture and composition of a preexisting rock changes by heat and pressure produced deep within the Earth previousnext http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oQ1J0w3x0o

19. Metamorphic Rocks cont. Metamorphic rocks are formed deep within the Earth Metamorphic rocks are formed deep within the Earth “Meta” in Latin means change “Meta” in Latin means change “Morph” in Latin means shape “Morph” in Latin means shape Thus, metamorphic means a physical change due to heat and pressure. Thus, metamorphic means a physical change due to heat and pressure. previousnext

20. Contact Metamorphism When surrounding rock comes in contact with magma but do not melt they often change to harder metamorphic type rocks. previousnext

21. More contact metamorphism The lava flow at the top of the picture has baked the mud beneath it into brick- red shale. This is an ideal case of contact metamorphism. previousnext

22. Regional Metamorphism Regional metamorphic rocks are rocks that are altered in composition and texture due to: Regional metamorphic rocks are rocks that are altered in composition and texture due to: extreme heat and pressure over a large area extreme heat and pressure over a large area during mountain formations or subduction during mountain formations or subduction previousnext

23. Heat and Pressure Relationship As temperature increases less pressure is needed. As pressure increases less temperature is needed. previous

24. Igneous Rocks Rocks that form from cooling of magma and lava both inside and on the surface of the Earth. Rocks that form from cooling of magma and lava both inside and on the surface of the Earth. previousnext Introduction to Igneous Rocks Video Clip

25. Igneous Rocks Igneous comes from the Latin word for “fire” Igneous comes from the Latin word for “fire” Intrusive – forms when magma cools below the Earth’s surface Intrusive – forms when magma cools below the Earth’s surface Intrusive Intrusive Extrusive – forms from lava cooling on the surface of the Earth Extrusive – forms from lava cooling on the surface of the Earth Extrusive Extrusive previousnext

26. Intrusive Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface. Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals.Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals. Examples include granite, gabbro, and diorite. Notice how each sample has large crystals that are easily seen. Examples include granite, gabbro, and diorite. Notice how each sample has large crystals that are easily seen.granitegabbro dioritegranitegabbro diorite previousnext

27. Extrusive Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface cooling quickly to form lava. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface cooling quickly to form lava. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, and andesite. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, and andesite.basaltrhyoliteandesitebasaltrhyoliteandesite previous

28. Basalt

29. Rhyolite

30. Andesite

31. Composition The minerals a rock is made of determines its composition. The minerals a rock is made of determines its composition. Example – Granite typically has 10% Biotitie Mica, 35% Quartz and 55% Feldspar. Example – Granite typically has 10% Biotitie Mica, 35% Quartz and 55% Feldspar. Different classifications of Granites can have different amounts of each of these minerals. Different classifications of Granites can have different amounts of each of these minerals. previousnext

32. Composition cont. Notice: each sample varies but they are all part of the same (granite) family of rocks. previous Colors often vary due to impurities found within the rock. Below is good example of color variations.

33. Rocks which are relatively high in heavier elements Rocks which are relatively high in heavier elements Mafic minerals are usually dark in color Mafic minerals are usually dark in color The term is derived from The term is derived from MA from magnesium MA from magnesium FIC from the Latin word for iron FIC from the Latin word for iron Mafic Rocks previousnext

34. Felsic Rocks Felsic rocks have low percentage of heavier elements Felsic rocks have low percentage of heavier elements Felsic rocks are light in color Felsic rocks are light in color Higher percentage in lighter elements such as silica and oxygen Higher percentage in lighter elements such as silica and oxygen The term comes from The term comes from FEL for feldspar FEL for feldspar SIC which indicates the higher percentage of silica SIC which indicates the higher percentage of silica previous

35. Granite

36. Gabbro

37. Diorite

38. Coal Video Clip: http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofth etowpath/Bookshelf/Coal/ http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofth etowpath/Bookshelf/Coal/ Limestone Video Clip: http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofth etowpath/Bookshelf/Limestone/ http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofth etowpath/Bookshelf/Limestone/ Slate Video Clip: http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofth etowpath/Bookshelf/Slate/ http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofth etowpath/Bookshelf/Slate/