1. CHAPTER 2: PSYCHOANALYSIS
Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Third Edition
By Nancy L. Murdock
Prepared by
Marcy Stites

2. Case Study
“Barb”

3. Sigmund Freud ( )

4. Highlights of Freud’s Background
Mentor, Joseph Breuer – talk therapy
“Interpretation of Dreams” – self-analysis
Family dynamics, relationships, locations, and education
Wednesday Psychological Society (1902)
Laid the foundation for the profession of psychology and the practice of psychotherapy

5. Basic Philosophy
Pessimist

6. Other Basic Philosophies
Conflicts between genetically built-in drives, the instincts of self-preservation, sex, and destruction
Person is determined before the age of 6
Unconscious most powerful source of behavior

7. Components of Psychoanalysis
Human Motivation -- Intrapsychic conflicts
Central Constructs
Instinct Theory: Eros, Thanatos, and Libido
Topographic Model: Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious
Structural Model
Id: Pleasure principle
Ego: Reality principle
Superego: conscience

8. Defense Mechanisms Other Defense Mechanisms Repression Fixation
Symbols of psychic conflict
Other Defense Mechanisms
Identification: qualities of another person are taken into the individual’s personality
Displacement: unwelcome impulse is deflected onto another person
Projection: externalization of an unacceptable wish
Reaction formation: an unacceptable urge is transformed into its opposite
Sublimation: funneling of the unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity
Regression: a threatened individual retreats to an earlier stage of development

9. Psychosexual Development
Erotogenic zones: satisfaction of sexual drive via different zones of the body
Sexual Development
Oral: mouth
Anal: elimination
Phallic: Oedipal & Castration Anxiety
Latency: sexual quiescence
Genital: integrated with the reproductive function

10. Health and Dysfunction
Healthy
able to love and work
minimal level of repression
the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring unconscious material into the conscious
Dysfunction
unresolved unconscious conflicts
all dysfunction originates by age 6
result of fixation due to unresolved conflicts

11. Anxiety The basis of dysfunction Types of Anxiety
Neurotic: fear of libido
Moral: fear of the punitive superego
Realistic: appropriate affective reaction
Examples of Anxiety
hysterical neurosis: seduction theory to conversion disorder
Phobias: objects represent feared libido
Obsessive-compulsive neurosis
Depression: melancholia and mourning
Psychoses

12. Nature of Therapy Assessment Therapeutic Atmosphere hypnosis
catharsis, or emotional expression
therapist is to remain “abstinent,” or a neutral stimulus, in the therapeutic relationship
analytic couch
free association
Role of Client/Counselor
transference and countertransference
counselors should undergo analyses themselves
Goal: to help the client uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts and to strengthen the ego by redirecting energy to conscious processes

13. Process of Therapy
Insight: understand the sources of her current behavior and symptoms
Resistance: psychic apparatus fights to keep it out of awareness
Transference (key to successful psychoanalysis ): positive and negative emotions toward the therapist
Countertransference: therapist loses her/his objectivity due to projection

14. Phases of Therapy
Opening Phase: attempt to see if analysis is appropriate
Development of Transference: free association and therapist begins to become a very important figure
Working Through: repeated and more elaborate analysis of the transference
Resolution of Transference: has insight into her/his conflicts and the transference process (the event is marked by a resurgence of the client’s symptoms)

15. Therapeutic Techniques
Free Association
Interpretation
Analysis of resistance
Dream Analysis: manifest and latent
Analysis of Transference

16. Evaluation of the Theory
Qualities of the Theory: difficult to test, problem of refutability
Empirical Validity: Some good empirical support for several more recent, narrowly defined forms
Research
Outcome
Interpretation Outcome
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity
Case Study: Barb

17. Research Sollod et al., 2009 Maddi, 1996 Borenstein, 2005 Westen, 1998
Shedler, 2010
Lambert & Ogles, 2004
Leichsenring, 2009
Leuzinger-Bohleber & Target, 2002
De Maat et al., 2009
Hogland et al., 2007
Hovarth et al., 2011
Emns et al., 1995
Desjardins & Scoboria, 2007

18. Conclusion
Humans are motivated by conflicts between unconscious and conscious forces