1. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

2. Nature vs. Nurture?

3. DNA We know traits are inherited but how are they inherited?

4. Chargaff ’ s Rule

6. X-ray Evidence 1952 Rosalind Franklin took an x-ray diffraction to take picture of DNA shape Picture gave clues to structure of DNA

8. Watson & Crick Watson & Crick made a model of DNA structureWatson & Crick made a model of DNA structure Won Nobel PrizeWon Nobel Prize

10. Watson and Crick ’ s model of DNA was a double helix

11. The Components & Structure of DNA Nucleotide 1. 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose 2. phosphate group group 3. nitrogenous base base i. Adenine ii. Thymine iii. Guanine iv. Cytosine

12. Nucleotides are monomers! Nucleotides are linked in a strand The sides of the “ladder” are phosphates and the sugar deoxyribose

14. - Sugar & phosphate form backbone - The bases form the “ steps ” of ladder, held together by Hydrogen bonds C-G = 3 hydrogen bonds A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds

15. How is DNA Packaged? DNA is wrapped around proteins DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones forming beads called histones forming beads These beads pack together, forming These beads pack together, forming nucleosomes. nucleosomes. These coil to make chromatin These coil to make chromatin When the chromatin (stringy DNA) coils it make a chromosome When the chromatin (stringy DNA) coils it make a chromosome

17. DNA Replication DNA Replication Think about DNA ’ s structureThink about DNA ’ s structure Perfect for use of replication!Perfect for use of replication! Each original sideEach original side is a Template is a Template

18. Parent Strand Or Template Daughter strand

19. Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a process called replication. This makes sure each cell will have a complete set of DNAThis makes sure each cell will have a complete set of DNA

20. How is it done?! 1. DNA is unwound 2. DNA helicase enzyme unzips the weak hydrogen bonds between base pairs hydrogen bonds between base pairs 3. DNA polymerase enzyme matches up nucleotides to complement the other side nucleotides to complement the other side 4. Strands checked for error

21. “ Semi-conservative ” - why?

23. Replicate your own DNA 1. Take piece of paper and fold is vertically NOW REPLICATE Label 1.Template/ Parent Strand 2.Hydrogen Bonds 3.Complementary Base Pairing 4.DNA Helicase 5.DNA Polymerase 6.Daughter Strands

24. Central Dogma DNA  RNA  Protein DNA gives the instructions for RNA which gives the instructions to make proteins

25. Central Dogma

26. What is a gene? Part of the DNA (letters/bases) that code for a particular protein

27. Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype, genetic makeup, is the sequence of bases in the DNA Phenotype, traits, due to proteins

28. Proteins we learned! Structural Keratin ( hair, skin and nails ) Muscles Reactions Enzymes (lactase) Signal Insulin, human growth hormone Hemoglobin- carriers oxygen in your red blood cells

29. RNA vs DNA RNA Ribonucleic Acid Ribose Sugar A,C,G,U –U = Uracil Single Stranded

30. Transcription 1.RNA copies the message from DNA - Called messenger RNA ( mRNA) 2.Complementary base pair ( NO T!! In RNA) 3.Only copies a gene of the DNA 4.mRNA Leaves the Nucleus

31. Transcription Enzyme that build RNA strand RNA polymerase

32. RNA Splicing Introns stay in the nucleus Exons join (splice) together and exit – final mRNA

33. Translation mRNA to Protein 1. mRNA goes to the Ribosome –Each 3 letters of the mRNA is called a codon 2. Each mRNA codon bonds to a tRNA (transfer RNA) anticodon –Complementary Base paring rules 3. tRNA carries the amino acid which builds the polypeptide (protein) 4. Begins with mRNA start codon AUG and ends with mRNA STOP Codon

35. Introduction Worksheet http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begi n/dna/transcribe/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begi n/dna/transcribe/ Transcribe and Translate a Gene

36. SHOW REAL TIME Great Simple Video!!

37. Mutations http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/17-sickle- cell.html

39. 1 base change in 438-base sequence. Change in DNA, change in RNA, change in Amino Acid Hemoglobin protein does not work properly to carry oxygen.

42. Tay Sachs Cracking the Code:17:00-20:00 Inherited genetic mutation Mutation in a gene that codes for an enzyme protein that breaks down fatty acids in the brain

43. Mutation Change in the nucleotide Sequence ( letters/bases) of a gene 1.Base Substitution (can be bad or silent) 2. Base Addition/ Deletion- worse - Frameshift mutation= alter group of 3 Affects the function of the PROTEIN

44. ADDITION THE CAT ATE THE RAT THE ACA TAT ETH ERA T

45. Mutagens cause Mutations Xray, UV light, smoking chemicals, pesticides Sometimes GOOD? How so?

46. Example of Inherited DNA Mutations: Diseases

47. Mutations