1. Introduction to Water – Chapter 24

2. Pretest

3. Water: 4 Primary Sections The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) Glaciers Glaciers Groundwater Groundwater Water Quality Water Quality

4. The Hydrologic Cycle

5. The natural circulation of water from ocean to atmosphere to ground, then back to ocean The natural circulation of water from ocean to atmosphere to ground, then back to ocean – Water is constantly circulating – Can be in any of 3 states of matter Solid, Liquid, or Gas Solid, Liquid, or Gas – The cycle is powered by heat from the sun and the force of gravity – The total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere remains constant

6. Important Vocabulary Evaporation Evaporation Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Sublimation Sublimation Condensation Condensation Precipitation Precipitation Runoff Runoff Infiltration Infiltration Discharge Discharge

7. A large mass of ice formed by the compaction and recrystallization of snow that moves downslope under its own power is called a …

8. Glaciers Glaciers are powerful agents of erosion Glaciers are powerful agents of erosion They can carve out large U-shaped valleys and carry a lot of rock and debris downslope They can carve out large U-shaped valleys and carry a lot of rock and debris downslope They move by Gravity They move by Gravity

9. Sublimation Ice turning directly into water vapor Ice turning directly into water vapor Leaves debris behind Leaves debris behind

10. Groundwater Subsurface water in the zone of saturation Subsurface water in the zone of saturation – 98.5% of fresh water is below the earth’s surface

11. How does water get underground? Infiltration Infiltration – Depends upon surface and subsurface conditions Permeability – the ability of a material to transmit fluid Permeability – the ability of a material to transmit fluid Porosity – the volume of open space (pores) in a soil or rock sample Porosity – the volume of open space (pores) in a soil or rock sample

12. Permeability Depends upon soil composition Depends upon soil composition – Sand, Silt, or Clay Why is sand more permeable than clay? Why is sand more permeable than clay?

13. Porosity The amount of water than can pass through soil or rock depends upon the amount and size of pores The amount of water than can pass through soil or rock depends upon the amount and size of pores

14. Water Table The Water Table is the line below which all pore spaces are filled with water (saturated) The Water Table is the line below which all pore spaces are filled with water (saturated)

15. Aquifer An aquifer is an underground geological formation able to store and yield water. An aquifer is an underground geological formation able to store and yield water.

16. Artesian System Where water flows out of the aquifer and to the surface due to pressure from above Where water flows out of the aquifer and to the surface due to pressure from above – Spring (natural) – Well (drilled)

17. What happens when running underground water dissolves minerals in the bedrock? CAVES !

18. Sinkholes Funnel-shaped holes where caves have collapsed Funnel-shaped holes where caves have collapsed

19. Water Quality A crucial factor in the quality of our lives A crucial factor in the quality of our lives

20. Hard Water Water picks up calcium and magnesium from the landscape Water picks up calcium and magnesium from the landscape – Can clog pipes or shower heads – More in some places than others

21. Water Pollution Contamination can come from Contamination can come from – Point sources – Non-point sources

22. What is the primary source of contamination? HUMANS! HUMANS! – Point sources Factories Factories Septic tanks Septic tanks Chemical spills Chemical spills – Non-point sources Soil Erosion Soil Erosion Agricultural runoff Agricultural runoff – Fertilizers – Pesticides – Livestock wastes

23. Landfills New Landfills require a liner to prevent contamination New Landfills require a liner to prevent contamination Leachate – water that has run through contaminated areas picking up soluble substances Leachate – water that has run through contaminated areas picking up soluble substances

24. Household Water Consumption Where can you conserve water?

25. We live in the arid west… Water is scarce Water is scarce Water is precious Water is precious Water sustains life Water sustains life Water should be conserved… please do your part Water should be conserved… please do your part

26. So what where the 4 main topics from Chapter 24 on water? The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) Glaciers Glaciers Groundwater Groundwater Water Quality Water Quality

27. Now try these questions