1. HOW DOES THIS ENERGY MOVE? Vertical and Horizontal Movements Within the Troposphere and Global Pressure Belts. This is when we start putting the pieces together!

2. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 1 2 P = R. ρ. T

3. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 1 2 P = R. ρ. T Initially both at sea-level So, P 1 = P 2 and ρ 1. T 1 = ρ 2. T 2

4. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 1 2 P = R. ρ. T 1 is warmer than 2 (insolation – sensible) So, P 1 = P 2 but ρ 1. T 1 ↑ = ρ 2. T 2 ↓

5. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 1 2 P = R. ρ. T For P 1 = P 2 remain true ρ 1 ↓. T 1 ↑ = ρ 2 ↑. T 2 ↓ Density of 1 less than 2

6. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 1 2 P = R. ρ. T What happens to warm less dense air?

7. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 2 P = R. ρ. T What is happening to the temperature of the air around 1 as it ascends? 1

8. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 2 P = R. ρ. T 1 Now comparison at elevation So, P 1 = P ? and ρ 1. T 1 = ρ ?. T ? How does ρ 1 compare to ρ ? ? What happens to 1? ? ?

9. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 2 P = R. ρ. T 1 Why will 1 stop rising as it reaches the tropopause?

10. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 Sir Edmund Halley (of comet fame) COOLING Transfer towards poles WARMING Transfer “cold” to equator

11. North Pole South Pole Tropopause Sir Edmund forgot The rotation of the Earth North South Even if hurricane force N-S 100 km p h (75 mph)

12. North Pole South Pole Tropopause Sir Edmund forgot The rotation of the Earth North South Even if hurricane force N-S 100 km p h (75 mph) Earth’s Rotation 1500-1800 km.p.h. (900-1000 mph) In tropics

13. How do we know that atmosphere spins at roughly same W-E linear velocity as Earth?

14. To scale

17. Total Distances North: 500 miles East: 5000 miles In troposphere 5025 miles

18. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell

19. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell

20. North Pole South Pole Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air

21. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air For P subtropical = P polar to remain true: ρ 1 ↓. T 1 ↑ = ρ 2 ↑. T 2 ↓ Density of subtropical less than polar. 45-60°N 45-60°S

22. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air Warmer sub-tropical air rises above colder Polar air. Mechanical lifting along “Planetary Front” – 45-60° 45-60°N 45-60°S Planetary Front

23. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N 45-60°S Planetary Front

24. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N 45-60°S Planetary Front Ferrel Cell Ferrel Cell Polar Cell Polar Cell

25. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air 45-60°N 45-60°S Turbulent mixing and incorporation of Polar Air INDIRECT CELL INDIRECT CELL

28. http://hint.fm/wind/index.html

29. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N 45-60°N 45-60°S What is Atmospheric Pressure at the Equator?

30. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N 45-60°N 45-60°S What is Atmospheric Pressure at 30°? LOW

31. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N 45-60°N 45-60°S What is Atmospheric Pressure at 45- 60°? LOW HIGH

32. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N 45-60°N 45-60°S What is Atmospheric Pressure at the Poles? LOW HIGH LOW

33. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N 45-60°N 45-60°S GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE BELTS LOW HIGH LOW HIGH

34. Tropopause 0° 30°S 30°N 45-60°N 45-60°S GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE GRADIENTS. HIGH→LOW LOW HIGH LOW HIGH