1. The Nahda: The “Awakening” or “The Arab Renaissance” What is it? Time frame (“The Big Bang Theory”): 1798 CE (Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt) until…present time? But in fact, reform movements were in the air much earlier… “Renewal and [adaptation] to the changing global circumstances of greater economic integration and intercultural influences” (Di-Capua, p. 55) Reform of local institutions (political, military, cultural, social, etc.) in line with “modern” institutions represented by colonial powers Intellectual component as well: to reform they way people think in a way that does service to indigenous epistemologies while enabling local competitiveness against non-local and/or colonial powers. Ultimate goal: to find the “secret” to progress,” to understand what lay behind Europe’s advancement and superiority” (Kassab, 2010, p. 21)

2. What makes a civilization superior (adapted from Kassab, 2010, pp. 20-22)? Five “thematic” responses: 1.“The Rise and Fall” model of civilizations (< Ibn Khaldun) 2.Political justice 3.Science 1.Religion 2.Gender

3. How do these social themes relate to the emergence of the novel? Greater scope for individual expression Scientific empiricism Greater degree of literacy: by 1880’s, “schools, libraries, daily and periodical presses, and theaters” in Syria/Lebanon (Di-Capua, p. 59) New class of Arab civil bureaucracy (Di-Capua, p. 57) = emergent middle class in Europe? - rise of civil bureaucrats comes at the expense of religious authorities - rise of a modern professional class in Egypt (the effendiyya), 1882-1900 (Di-Capua, p. 63) - the emergence of the modern Arab intellectual, “a new type of activist thinker…speaking the new journalistic language of ‘public Arabic’” (Di-Capua, p. 64). Al-Tahtawi: “[Clarity] of language is a pre-condition for sound reasoning” (Di-Capua, p. 58) - effort to develop a “new journalistic language that was precise, clear, and free from the complexities of Classical Arabic” (Di-Capua, p. 59) Greater scope for public intellectual life for Arab women, including literary activity (Di- Capua, p. 66)…presumably written from a different perspective than that of their male counterparts.

4. “Whatever we might choose to call this yet nameless Nahda front, it was clearly committed to four fundamental traits of mid- nineteenth-century European thought: first, a belief in the idea o progress and its dependence on scientific and technological mindedness; second, an unflinching belief in the power of rationality and its positivist and empirical mindset; third, the adoption of a historicist habit of mind, or the realization that objects become intelligible only by grasping them as part of a causal process of development; and fourth, acceptance of the notion that ‘civilization” exists in two fundamental states: rise or decline” (Di-Capua, p. 61). How could these traits relate to the emergence of the Arabic novel?

5. Finally… “In sum, during this era Arabs established a space between the individual and the colonial state. Within this space, public opinion was formed and processed into civic action. By practice, if not by name, it was a secular sphere” (Di-Capua, p. 67). How does this relate to the emergence of the Arabic novel?