1. Biomaterials and its applicationsBy
Dr. P. SANGEETHA
Assistant Professor
Materials Chemistry Division
School of Advanced Sciences
VIT University , Vellore.

2. Biomaterial Definition:
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems
Characteristics of biomaterials:
1. Physical Requirements:
Hard Materials.
Flexible Material.
2. Chemical Requirements
Must not react with any tissue in the body.
Must be non-toxic to the body.
Long-term replacement must not be biodegradable. .

3. History
More than 2000 years ago, Romans, Chinese, and Aztec’s used gold in dentistry.
Turn of century, synthetic implants become available.
1937 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in dentistry.
1958, Rob suggests Dacron Fabrics can be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic.
1960 Charnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless steal for total hip replacement.
Late 1960 – early 1970’s biomaterial field solidified.
1975 Society for Biomaterials formed.

4. Bio-materials Science
Grow cells in culture.
Apparatus for handling proteins in the laboratory.
Devices to regulate fertility in cattle.
Aquaculture of oysters.
Cell-silicon “Biochip”.

5. Synthetic BIOMATERIALS
Polymers
Skin/cartilage
Drug Delivery Devices
Ocular implants
Bone replacements
Orthopedic screws/fixation
Ceramics
Metals
Heart valves
Synthetic BIOMATERIALS
Semiconductor Materials
Dental Implants
Dental Implants
Biosensors
Implantable Microelectrodes

6. Applications ofbiomaterials
Bileaflet Heart valves
Heart Valve
Artificial Tissue
Dental Implants
Intraocular Lenses
Vascular Grafts
Hip Replacements
Artificial Tissue

7. Dental Implants
Small titanium fixture that serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth.
Implant is placed in the bone of the upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond with the bone.
Most dental implants are: pure titanium screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots for crowns and bridges, or as supports for dentures.

8. Applications Vascular Grafts Hip Replacements Intraocular Lenses
Most Common Medical Practice Using Biomaterials.
Corrosion Resistant high-strength Metal Alloys.
Very High Molecular Weight Polymers.
Made of PMM, silicone elastomer, and other materials.
By age 75 more than 50% of population suffers from cataracts.
Must Be Flexible.
Designed With Open Porous Structure.
Often Recognized By Body As Foreign.

9. Bio-Porous Materials

10. Artificial Porous Materials

11. Classification

12. Activated Carbon derived from bio-materials

13. Preparation of activated carbon

14. Pore structure of activated Carbon

15. Types Powdered activated carbon Granulated Spherical
Impregnated carbon
Polymer coated carbon

16. Advanced active carbons
Carbon molecular sieves
Activated carbon fibres
Active carbon fibres for energy applications

17. Porous carbons are prepared through controlled pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials, naturally occurring woods or synthetic polymeric materials.
Though these are used as insulating materials, templates for ceramics etc, but the maximum applications is as active carbon produced by chemical activation or physical activation.
Chemical activation results in active carbons with mixed pore structure i.e. micro, meso, macropores; physical activation leads to formation of predominantly micropores with dia<2nm.

18. These active carbons are prepared in many physical forms and are used as such or after impregnation with metal salts in a large number of applications depending upon imagination.
Active carbon fibres are increasingly getting attention because of ease of fabrication, controlled pore structure, higher adsorption capacity, faster adsorption/desorption rates.
Active carbon fibres have been tried successfully in number of advanced technologies such as adsorbents, catalyst support, ANG, gas and liquid phase environmental control, water purification and energy storage.
There is still wide scope for development of active carbon fibres in various forms with tailored porous structures for desired specific applications.

19. Bio-porous carbon materials for purification of water
Global crisis for water and the problems dealt with water, in need for pure water.
Bio-porous carbon materials for water purification.
One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate access to clean water.
Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich.
Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy, while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment.

21. Earlier nanomaterials has been used extensively for purification of water.
Recently, porous carbon materials, which are bio based, has got considerable scope towards pure water.
Removal of contaminants and recycling of the purified water would provide significant reductions in cost, time, and labor to industry and result in improved environmental stewardship.
The world is facing formidable challenges in meeting rising demands of clean water as the available supplies of freshwater are decreasing due to:
….. extended droughts,
….. population growth,
…..more stringent health-based regulations, and
….. competing demands from a variety of users

22. Bio-sensors Biosensors have a wide variety of applications:
- glucose monitoring
- pesticide detection
pathogen detection
quantitative measurements of toxicity
determination of drug residues in food
protein engineering, drug delivery
evaluation of biological activity of new compounds

23. Various techniques for Porous silicon based bio-sensing

24. Porous bio-ceramics

25. Acknowledgement Management of VIT University My Students.
My Sincere Thanks to Prof. B. Viswanathan, NCCR, IIT-M
Prof. S. Sivasanker, Chair Professor, NCCR,IIT-M.
Prof. K. Shanthi, Anna University (Supervisor)
Prof. P. Selvam, NCCR, IIT-M
Prof. Krishnamurthy, NCCR,IIT-M
Management of VIT University
My Students.

26. THANK YOU