1. Species recovery techniques. Back-up ex situ strategies

2. Objectives Identify the different species recovery techniques that are used in conservation and discuss whether they may be useful in the conservation of CWRs in genetic reserves Discuss relevant data sources with detailed information

3. Reinforcement New individuals into natural population Translocation Moving natural population to a new site Re-introduction Establishment in a historical site

4. Objectives of a back-up collection 1.Collection for reinforcement Sampling intervals depend on seed physiology (storage behaviour of orthodox seeds, longevity of seeds of recalcitrant species) and reproduction mode (clone). Old samples could be replaced by new ones (black box principle) 2.Baseline collection for research Careful documentation 3.For use Then kept as active ex situ collection. Samples taken from Genetic Reserves should be maintained using higher genebank standards i.e. prevent genetic bottleneck, use pair crosses (partial diallel).

5. Sampling Collection of seeds or grafts should not add threat to the population. The natural reproductive capacity at the natural site must be ensured further. Long-term storage Back-up samples may be stored for a long time. Develop a memorandum of understanding signed by the genebank/ botanic garden. Clear agreements with respect to the right and duties.

6. Reinforcement / Re-introduction 1.Remove detrimental factors before reinforcement / re- introduction 2.Compile existing guidelines and adopt them to the specific needs of a species. Develop cultivation methods. 3.If possible maintain genetic integrity of population at the natural site (reinforcement). However, local material may not always be the solution. 4.Manage population until the reproduction is self- sustainable. Observe trends by monitoring 5.Initiate reinforcement / re-introduction in several countries if required. Take all ecogeographic regions relevant to the species 6.Document all steps to enable data analysis

7. Develop a priority list of CWR for species recovery plans