1. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 GRID - Synthesis - ADINA RIPOSAN Department of Applied Informatics

2. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 Grid Definitions, Properties & Categories

3. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 The Grid Dream Grid takes its name from analogy with electrical power Grid:   electricity on demand via wall socket   source unknown but reliable   transparency and resilience are keys to its success The Grid dream is to allow users to tap into resources off the internet as easily as electrical power can be drawn from a wall socket - imagine …

4. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 To make this happen, what do we need:   Pervasive deployment of infrastructure   Security   Accountancy i.e pay for what you use…   Transparent access The user is not aware (and doesn’t care) what computing resources are used to solve their problem … just as one has with power.

5. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 There are many attempts for the accurate definition of the Grid. Grid is currently defined as a distributed, high performance computing and data handling infrastructure that incorporates geographically and organizationally dispersed, heterogeneous resources (computing systems, storage systems, instruments and other real-time data sources, human collaborators, communication systems) and provides common interfaces for all resources, using standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces, and allows for a shared access among them. It is also the basis and the enabling technology for pervasive and utility computing due to the ability of being open, highly heterogeneous and scalable (Ian Foster, “What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist”, Grid Today, July 20, 2002)

6. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 Grids are basically considered to have three main properties:  they coordinate resources that are not subject to centralized control;  they use standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces;  they deliver non-trivial qualities of service (QoS).

7. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 Grid systems are generally classified in three categories:  Computational Grid: is a distributed set of resources dedicated to aggregate computational capacity, a virtual metacenter that aggregates the processing power from a distributed collection of systems, integrating large amount of Grid computing resources.  Data Grid: is a collection of distributed resources dedicated for processing and transferring large amounts of data, for large scale data processing and management that require the participation of widely dispersed research communities; while computational grids are more suited for aggregating resources, data grids focus on providing secure access to distributed, heterogeneous pools of data.  Access Grid: is the human interface of computational Grid and Data Grid.

8. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 The key to this integration is the concept of Virtual Organizations that facilitate the establishment of cross-organizational sharing relationships. => The Grid can be viewed as an infrastructure to support Virtual Organizations with a single sign-on mechanism, that enable advanced forms of cooperative work.

9. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 The users of the Grid can be organized dynamically into a number of Virtual Organizations (VOs), consisting of resources, services, and people collaborating across institutional, geographical, and political boundaries, each with different Policy Requirements.

10. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 This sharing is, necessarily, highly protected, with resource providers and consumers defining clearly and carefully  what is shared,  who is allowed to share,  the conditions under which sharing occurs.

11. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 Globus Toolkit

12. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 The Globus toolkit (GT) is the de facto open source toolkit for Grid computing, containing a set of tools which enable applications to handle distributed heterogeneous computing resources as a single virtual machine. Globus toolkit uses standards wherever possible and well-defined interfaces that can be integrated into applications in an incremental fashion. Some of the standards were achieved through the GGF - the Global Grid Forum. The Globus project is a U.S. multi-institutional research effort.

13. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 SEVERAL VERSIONS of the Globus toolkit have been released so far: Globus has evolved from the I-Soft system, through version 1 (GT1) to version 2 (GT2) and the focused has moved: from supporting just high-performance applicationsfrom supporting just high-performance applications towards supporting more pervasive services that can support virtual organizations.towards supporting more pervasive services that can support virtual organizations. Starting with the GT version 3.x (released 2002) the functionality is exposed as: a collection of virtual Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) services.a collection of virtual Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) services. Further on, GT version 4.x (2004) consists of a transformation: from GT3 OGSI-based servicesfrom GT3 OGSI-based services to GT4 WSRF-based services and associated documentationto GT4 WSRF-based services and associated documentation

14. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 The Globus toolkit essentially consisted of 4 elements:  Security: to provide authentication, delegation and authorization, based on GSI - Grid Security Infrastructure  Information Services: to provide information about Grid services, based on MDS - Monitoring and Discovery Service, which in turn consists of three main components: GRIS (Grid Resource Information Servers),GRIS (Grid Resource Information Servers), IP (Information Providers),IP (Information Providers), GIIS and (Grid Index Information Services).GIIS and (Grid Index Information Services).  Data Management: involves accessing and managing data, it consists of three distinct components: GridFTP (extended version of the IETF’s FTP),GridFTP (extended version of the IETF’s FTP), Data Replication (Replica Catalog and Replica Management tool),Data Replication (Replica Catalog and Replica Management tool), GASS (Global Access to Secondary Storage).GASS (Global Access to Secondary Storage).  Resource Management: to allocate resources provided by a Grid, based on Globus Resource Allocation Manager (GRAM).

15. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 Computers, storage, sensors, network and their associated services Globus: security, resource management, information services, events, data management... Portals, remote steering, data grids, remote visualization... HEP, Biology, Astrophysics.. Applications Application Toolkits Grid APIs Grid Fabric

16. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 History of Grid Computing

17. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006  First Generation: Early Metacomputing environments, such as FAFNER (http://www.npac.syr.edu/factoring.html) and the I-WAY http://www.npac.syr.edu/factoring.html  Second Generation: Core Grid technologies like the Globus toolkit (www.globus.org – later) and Legion (http://legion.virginia.edu/download/)Core Grid technologies like the Globus toolkit (www.globus.org – later) and Legion (http://legion.virginia.edu/download/)http://legion.virginia.edu/download/ Distributed object systems e.g. Jini (www.jini.org) and CORBA (www.corba.org)Distributed object systems e.g. Jini (www.jini.org) and CORBA (www.corba.org)www.jini.orgwww.corba.orgwww.jini.orgwww.corba.org Grid resource brokers and Schedulers e.g.Grid resource brokers and Schedulers e.g.  Condor (http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor/) and http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor/  SGE (http://wwws.sun.com/software/gridware/sge.html) http://wwws.sun.com/software/gridware/sge.html Integrated systems including Cactus (cactuscode.org), DataGrid, UNICORE (www.unicore.org) and P2P Computing frameworks e.g. Jxta (jxta.org)Integrated systems including Cactus (cactuscode.org), DataGrid, UNICORE (www.unicore.org) and P2P Computing frameworks e.g. Jxta (jxta.org)www.unicore.org Application user interfaces for remote steering and visualization e.g. Portals and Grid Computing EnvironmentsApplication user interfaces for remote steering and visualization e.g. Portals and Grid Computing Environments  The Third Generation: introduction of a service-oriented approach (e.g. OGSA)introduction of a service-oriented approach (e.g. OGSA) Increasing use of metadata (giving more detailed information describing services)Increasing use of metadata (giving more detailed information describing services)

18. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006  Today, in the evolution of Grid computing we are focusing more on service-based architectures, such as Web services, => specifications have been derived from these primitives, such as OGSA and implementations in the form of WS-RF.  Such specifications represent clear moves in support of globally accepted standards, which aims to reach the ultimate Grid goal of global ubiquitous utility computing. Such standards also allow the cross-fertilisation of a number of technologies with Grid computing, in particular P2P computing, which has evolved through Internet grass roots culture programming of file sharing systems, such as Napster and more notably Gnutella with its fully decentralised design.

19. Military Technical Academy Bucharest, 2006 However, the question will always exist on ‘if’ and ‘why’ a Grid solution should be adopted in comparison to any other non-Grid solution. It should be noted that Grid is not meant to be the ‘panacea’ to all the problems, and it is not expected to provide all the answers.  It should be considering merely as a technology that aims to provide more efficient solutions to some of the problems, and can be the ideal solution for many large scale applications that are of dynamic nature and require transparency for users.