2. Matakuliah : Pengantar IT Governance
Tahun : Feb
IT Governance Archetypes for allocating decision rights Pertemuan ke-7 s/d 10

3. Governance Model Three Major Components
What decisions need to be made?
(Domains)
Who has decision and/or input rights?
(Styles)
How are the decisions formed and
enacted? (Mechanisms)
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4. What Decisions Need to be Made? (Domains)
There are five major decisions domains
Principles
Infrastructure strategies
Architecture
Business application needs
Investment and prioritization
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5. Who has Decision & /or Input Rights? (Styles)
Business Monarchy
IT Monarchy
Feudal
IT Duopoly
Federal
Anarchy
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6. Archetypes
To describe the combinations of people who have either decision rights or input to IT decisions.
Archetypes could describe how your enterprise makes one or more of the five keys IT decisions or provides input to the decision makers.
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7. IT Governance Archetypes
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8. Key Players in IT Governance Archetypes
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9. Business Monarchy
In a business monarchy, senior business executives make IT decisions affecting the entire enterprise.
Business monarchy rely on input for key decisions from many sources
A group of, or individual senior managers (SVP; VP; Dean, Chair). Senior IT manager does not act independently.
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10. IT Monarchy IT Professionals make IT decisions.
Enterprises implement IT monarchies in many different ways, often involving IT professionals from both corporate teams and business units.
This group proposes architecture rules to the senior IT management team. The senior IT management team ensures the clarity of the rules and owns the enforcement of architectural standards.
Individuals or groups of IT senior managers.
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11. Feudal
The feudal model is based on the traditional model where the business unit make their own decisions, optimizing their local needs.
The feudal modal was not very common because most enterprises were looking for synergies across business units.
Unit leaders, key process owners or their delegates.
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12. Federal
The federal decision making model has a long tradition in government.
Federal arrangements attempt to balance the responsiblities and accountability of multiple governing bodies.
Shared by HSC senior management and other College/Unit senior management. May include senior IT management.
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13. IT Duopoly
IT Duopoly is a two party arrangement where decisions represent a bilateral agreement between IT executives and one other group (business unit).
IT senior management and one other group, e. g., HSC senior management or College/Unit senior management.
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14. Six Styles of IT Governance
Centralized Business Lead
Business monarchy
Top Managers
Federal
Combination of corporate center and SBUs
Feudal
Each SBU makes independent decisions
IT Duopoly
IT group and one other group
IT monarchy
IT specialists
Anarchy
Isolated individual or small group decision making
Specifying the decision rights and accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the use of IT
Centralized
IT Lead
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15. IT Investment and Priority Business Applications
Anarchy
Duopoly
Federal
Feudal
IT Monarchy
Business Monarchy
IT Investment and Priority
Business Applications
IT Infrastructure
IT Architecture
IT Principles 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1
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16. Anarchy
Anarchies are the bane of the existence of many IT groups and are expensive to support and secure.
Individual users or small groups of users.
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17. How the typical enterprise govern IT
Domains
Principles
Architecture
Infrastructure
Business Applications
Investment & Priorities
Styles
Input
Decision
Business Monarchy
IT Monarchy 1
Feudal
Federal
Duopoly
Anarchy 30 27 6 7 1 12 1 73 59 18 20 10 8 9 3 1 2 1 18 3 83 46 59 81 30 93 27 14 4 6 15 36 34 15 30 23 17 27 6 30 1 1 3 1
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18. Typical Governance arrangements for IT Principles
Typical Governance arrangements for IT Architecture
Typical Governance arrangements for IT Infrastructure Strategies
Typical Governance arrangements for IT Business Application Needs.
Typical Governance arrangements for IT Investment and prioritization.
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19. Analyzing different governance patterns across enterprises
Strategic and performance goals
Organizational structure
Governance experience
Size and diversity
Industry and regional differences
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20. Key IT Governance Decisions
IT Principles Decisions
High-level statements about how IT is used in the business
IT Architecture
Decisions
Organising logic for data,
applications, and infrastruc-
ture captured in a set of
policies, relationships, and
technical choices to achieve
desired business and
technical standardisation
And integration
IT Infrastructure
Centrally co-ordinated, shared
IT services that provide the
foundation for the enterprise’s
IT capability.
Business Applications
Needs
Specifying the business need
for purchasing or internally
developed IT applications.
IT Investment and
Prioritisation decisions
Decisions about how much
and where to invest in IT,
including project approvals
and justification techniques.
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21. The Governance Model The “Harmony ‘What-How’ Framework”
Strategy
Governance
Arrangements
Performance
Goals
Desirable
Behaviors
Mechanisms
Metrics &
Accountabilities
How
What
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22. The Governance Model The “Harmony ‘What-How’ Framework”
Strategy
Governance
Arrangements
Performance
Goals
Desirable
Behaviors
Mechanisms
Metrics &
Accountabilities
How
What
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23. Industry & Regional Differences in IT Governance
Many factors influence governance requirements :
Industry
Region
And so on
Industry differences :
For profit vs Not-for-profit and Government sectors
Financial services
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24. Region differences : European firms vs Asia-Pacific firms
European firms vs American firms.
And so on
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25. CASE
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26. LJMU Federal Governance Model Continuing)
Business Applications Needs
Information
Management
Steering Group
Business Membership
Development
Programme
IT Steering Group
Architecture
Principles
Infrastructure IT
Membership
Investment & prioritisation
Monitoring
Compliance
Review
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27. LJMU Governance Membership
7 members of the LJMU Senior Management team,
out of a total of 16
School Directors
Service Directors – Library, Estates, HR
Admin/project/resource managers
All ICT Senior Managers
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28. What Can Governance Do For You?
Get buy-in across the board
Do it with them, even if they don’t do it to themselves
Change behaviour, not just technology
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29. EA & Governance Executive buy-in to EA approach
Within LJMU Governance structure, Architecture already identified as responsibility of Information Management Steering Group
Demonstrate value of EA approach
‘burning platform’ required, provided by existing Student Experience Review initiative
Visibility
Exposes Senior Management to EA approaches
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30. Selling EA & Governance
Speak the language of the business
Or something as close as you can get
It’s all about value
The business has to see that this will promote better IS decision-making to support the business better
Show them pictures
Not like I’ve been doing in this presentation…
EA development will provide the pictures
See JISC SOA animation
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31. Selling EA & Governance
Business value:
Business wants to know how to analyse staffing requirements in light of increasing self-service
‘As Is’ Architecture – self-service capability mapped to business processes as of now
‘To Be’ Architecture – self-service capability mapped to business processes in light of move to Campus Solutions
Giving a visual representation that addresses the business problem
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32. What will you do with it when you’ve got it?
So, Governance…
What is it ?
Why do you want it?
How can you get it?
What will you do with it when you’ve got it?
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33. Quiz
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