1. New Opportunities for Higher Education: Collaborations across borders Robin Sakamoto, Ph.D. Rikkyo University rsakamoto@rikkyo.ac.jp

2. Changing Images

3. Higher Education in Context Within the past two decades higher education enrolment has escalated from 28 million to 47 million, mainly in Asian universities –(World Bank, 2000, p. 27). This growth is projected to continue. Viet Nam hopes to increase higher education enrollment by 10% per year through 2010 and both the People ’ s Republic of China and India hope to triple higher education systems within the next twenty years – (Asian Development Bank, 2008).

4. Higher Education in Context cont. Although higher education was a priority for aid agencies in the 1980s and 1990s, world-wide emphasis on achieving the Millennium Development Goals has caused a shift in aid to programs that support basic education. A recent report by the Asian Development Bank states that their lending to higher education dropped from 22% in the 1970s and 1980s to 15% in the 1990s to about 2% since 2000 –(Asian Development Bank, 2008).

5. Higher Education in Context cont. Primary Secondary Sources Asian Development Bank (2008), Glewwe & Kremer, 2005

6. Cross-border Collaborations Reasons for receiving institutions to participate –means to increase quality –provide new funding streams –develop strategies for dealing with increasing autonomy

7. Cross-border Collaborations Reasons for providing institutions to participate –insures continuation of global research –provides opportunities for faculty consulting –increases the status and prestige of the institution

8. Characteristics of Cross-border Collaborations need for sustainable funding need for mutual benefit have a variable life span are linked to individual interests need frequent monitoring

9. Examples of cross-border collaborations Education for Sustainable Development Research Center (ESDRC) United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences

10. Potential Risks Initial champions lose interest or move on to other institutions or even the private sector Partnerships cease to benefit all stakeholders Loss of mutual trust –Danger of “ swift trust ” vs. “ authentic trust ”

11. References Asian Development Bank. (2008). Education and Skills: Strategies for Accelerated Development in Asian and the Pacific. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Glewwe, P., & Kremer, M. (2005). Schools, Teachers and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries. Harvard University Working Paper in Handbook on the Economics of Education. Cambridge, US: Harvard University. World Bank (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Task Force on Higher Education and Society. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.