1. Anabolism is a term for all of the body's _______ reactions. A) decomposition B) hydrolytic C) exergonic D) endergonic E) metabolic

2. Energy is released during an endergonic reaction A. True B. False

3. A non-competitive inhibitor influences the function of enzymes by: A) binding the substrate before it can bind to the enzyme. B) causing a permanent change in the enzyme's structure. C) temporarily binding to the enzyme's active site. D) permanently binding to the enzymes's active site. E) doing both B and D.

4. Why does the enzyme reaction rate decrease at high temperatures?

5. Cell Membranes

6. Cell Membrane Parts Phospholipids –Structure –Function –Motion Proteins –Structure –Function

7. Model of a Cell Membrane

8. Amphiphilic = Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic Phospholipid Structure

9. Cell Membrane Parts Phospholipids –Structure –Function –Motion Proteins –Structure –Function

10. Phospholipids are Amphiphilic

11. Hydrophobic molecules pass through membrane Hydrophilic molecules bounce off Getting into the Cell

12. Soap is also Amphiphilic Soap removes grease because it is amphiphilic Not Jon’s Dishes

13. Some materials easily enter the cell Some materials cannot enter easily Plasma Membrane is Selectively Permeable

14. Types of Molecular Transport Passive transport –Requires no energy Active transport –Requires energy

15. Let’s Do an Experiment!

16. Types of Passive Transport Diffusion –Requires no energy –Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

17. What Causes Diffusion? Why do you think diffusion occurs?

18. Types of Passive Transport Osmosis –Diffusion of water

19. Types of Passive Transport Osmosis –Diffusion of water –Water moves towards area of high solute concentration OSMOSIS ANIMATION

20. Types of Passive Transport Osmosis –Diffusion of water –Water moves towards area of high solute concentration –Osmotic Pressure The force with which water moves toward the area of low concentration

21. Types of Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion –Molecules cannot pass through membrane unaided

22. Types of Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion –Molecules cannot pass through membrane unaided –Need protein channel to facilitate transport into the cell May be too large to pass through Polar Hydrophilic

23. Facilitated Diffusion at the Bar Gonna need to see some ID to facilitate your transport in.

24. Facilitated Diffusion at the Bar Hydrophilic, eh? Fine, enter through the protein channel.

25. Types of Molecular Transport Passive transport –Requires no energy Active transport –Requires energy

26. Active Transport at the Bar This joint is packed with hydrophilic molecules. I need ID and $5 to go against the gradient.

27. Active Transport Pumps ATP is used for power

28. Active Transport Pumps ATP is used for power Work against osmotic or electrical gradient

29. Active Transport Pumps ATP is used for power Work against osmotic or electrical gradient Move from low to high concentration

30. Phagocytosis Cell engulfs a particle

31. Phagocytosis Cell engulfs a particle Allows very large objects to enter cell

32. White Blood Cells use Phagocytosis WBC Bacteria

33. Cell Membrane Parts Phospholipids –Structure –Function –Motion Proteins –Structure –Function

34. Fluid-Mosaic Model Membrane molecules are in continuous motion (= fluidity) FLUID MOSAIC ANIMATION

35. Phospholipid Movement Phospholipids often move laterally

36. Phospholipid Movement Phospholipids often move laterally Phospholipids seldom flip –Heads would have to pass through hydrophobic space

37. Fluid-Mosaic Model Membrane molecules are in continuous motion (= fluidity) Type of phospholipid determines fluidity

38. Phospholipid Tails Influence Fluidity Unsaturated fatty acid tails are more fluid

39. Saturated fatty acid tails are less fluid Phospholipid Tails Influence Fluidity

40. Fluid-Mosaic Model Membrane molecules are in continuous motion (= fluidity) Type of phospholipid determines fluidity Cholesterol and proteins are embedded in bilayer

41. Cholesterol helps stabilize phospholipid movement Fluidity of Membranes

42. Cell Membrane Parts Phospholipids –Structure –Function –Motion Proteins –Structure –Function

43. Protein Structure Trans-Membrane Proteins –Pass through the membrane

44. Protein Functions 1.Identification 2.Anchor cells together 3.Catalyze reactions (Enzymes) 4.Bind chemical messengers (receptors) 5.Transport hydrophilic molecules

45. Proteins are Molecular Name Tags Protein tags identify cell Biological marker of “self or non-self” Bacteria Recognition Sperm finding egg

46. Protein Markers Determine Blood Type Body responds to “foreign” markers A Antigens onlyB Antigens onlyA and B AntigensNo Antigens A Antibodies onlyB Antibodies only A and B Antibodies

47. Rh Antigens are Proteins Mother’s body attacks Rh+ blood proteins Most common with 2 nd child

48. Protein Functions 1.Identification 2.Anchor cells together 3.Catalyze reactions (Enzymes) 4.Bind chemical messengers (receptors) 5.Transport hydrophilic molecules

49. Proteins Hold Cells Together

50. Protein Functions 1.Identification 2.Anchor cells together 3.Catalyze reactions (Enzymes) 4.Bind chemical messengers (receptors) 5.Transport hydrophilic molecules

51. Protein Enzymes in Membranes

52. Protein Functions 1.Identification 2.Anchor cells together 3.Catalyze reactions (Enzymes) 4.Bind chemical messengers (receptors) 5.Transport hydrophilic molecules

53. Chemical messengers Cause secondary signals to be sent in the cell Small changes in chemical shape send the signals

54. Protein Functions 1.Identification 2.Anchor cells together 3.Catalyze reactions (enzymes) 4.Bind chemical messengers (receptors) 5.Transport hydrophilic molecules

55. Transport of Hydrophilic Molecules Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport

56. 1. Proteins change shape to move molecules across membrane. 2. Proteins can cooperate to transport molecules.

57. Summary Membranes are formed by the amphiphilic nature of phospholipids Membrane molecules are in constant flux, creating a fluid and dynamic layer Membrane proteins serve a number of functions, including regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell