1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2. I. BASIC CHEMISTRY A. ATOMS - units of matter 1.) parts of an atom * PROTON (+) * ELECTRON (-) * NEUTRON (neutral)

3. B. ELEMENTS - cannot be broken down - PERIODIC TABLE ex.

4. 1.) ATOMIC NUMBER - top # - number of protons 2.) ATOMIC MASS - bottom # ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC NUMBER = # OF NEUTRONS

5. C. COMPOUNDS - 2 or more elements BONDED in a definite proportion ex. 1.) INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - don’t contain CARBON (most) ex. 2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - contain CARBON ex.

6. ELEMENTS C = CARBON H = HYDROGEN O = OXYGEN N = NITROGEN P = PHOSPHORUS

7. ORGANIC COMPOUND CONTAIN THESE ELEMENTS FUNCTION COMPONENTS EXAMPLES

8. CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTS: C H O FUNCTIONS: * short term energy source * structure & shape in plants COMPONENTS: * SIMPLE SUGARS EXAMPLES: monosaccharides: GLUCOSE & fructose disaccharide: sucrose & lactose polysaccharide: STARCH & cellulose

9. starch

10. PROTEINS ELEMENTS:C H O N FUNCTIONS: * control chemical reactions, fight disease, transport molecule, form bone & muscle COMPONENTS: * AMINO ACIDS EXAMPLES: * ENZYMES, antibodies, hemoglobin, pollen, insulin

12. LIPIDS ELEMENTS:C H O FUNCTIONS: * long term energy storage * insulation * water proofing * part of cell membrane COMPONENTS: * fatty acids & glycerol EXAMPLES: * fats & oils * steroids (cholesterol) * waxes

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS ELEMENTS:P O N C H FUNCTIONS: * store hereditary info COMPONENTS: * nucleotides EXAMPLES: * DNA & RNA

15. NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEOTIDE DNA RNA & DNA

16. ENZYMES PROTEIN CATALYST that speeds up chemical reactions (substance that speeds up a chemical reaction) ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENZYMES (plants, animals, etc.) Without enzymes, chemical reactions would occur too slowly to maintain life

17. I.IMPORTANT ENZYME INFO Enzymes are REUSED/RECYCLED (1,000 chemical reactions/second) Lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY Compounds either DIGESTED (broken apart) or SYNTHESIZED (put together) REACTANTS PRODUCTS H 2 0 2 H 2 0 + O 2

18. Specific enzymes catalyze specific reactions ex. LACTASE breaks down LACTOSE  LOCK & KEY MODEL * End in ASE SUBSTRATE: substance to be changed ACTIVE SITE: place on enzyme where substrate attaches

19. how enzymes work

20. FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY pH - best in humans at neutral pH (7) TEMPERATURE - best in humans at 37° C - slows down at COLD temperatures * DENATURE: temp. too hot – changes/melts shape of enzyme; doesn’t fit with SUBSTRATE SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION