1. Nationalism

2. Germany  Napoleon conquered many German- speaking lands  Changed a lot of policies for the better  Nationalism caused Germans to want a unified German state  Overthrew French rule  Became German Confederation  Headed by Austria

3. Germany  Otto Van Bismarck  Prime Minister of Prussia  Unified German lands under Prussian rule  Realpolitik  Politics based on the need of the state  Power was more important than principle

4. Germany  Bismarck creates strong army and declares war on Denmark and Austria  After Prussian victory, France declares war on Prussia  After Prussian victory again, Germany became unified under William I of Prussia

5. Germany  Set up two house legislature  The Bundesrat- upper house, appointed  The Reichstag- lower house, elected  Bundesrat could veto any Reichstag decision so power still remained with the emperor

6. Germany  German economy rises  Industry rose  Scientific and economic ideas developed  Helped strengthen country  Church and Society  Bismarck distrusted Catholics and socialists  Tried to get rid of both but they were too strong  Made adjustments so everyone could be what they wanted

7. Italy  No political unity  Parts of Italy were ruled by many different countries  Nationalists organized many secret societies that planned to get rid of Austrian rule in the North  Giuseppe Mazzini  Formed Young Italy- goal was to unify all of Italy

8. Italy  Camillo Cavour- Prime Minister of Sardinia  Wanted to end Austrian rule in Northern Italy  Provoked wars with other nations that enticed many Italian states to join Cavour and Sardinia  Encouraged Northern Italy states to revolt and overthrow Austrian rulers

9. Italy  Giuseppe Garibaldi  Nationalist from Sicily  With aid from Cavour he was able to take his “Red Shirt” army and take over Sicily  Turned over Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel II  Victor Emmanuel II crowned King of Italy

10. Italy  Even though Italy is unified there is still division between North and South  North is wealthy, South is not  Two house government would not allow for people to control what laws were made  Economy still, however, improved due to industrialism

11. Austria  Hapsburg  Oldest ruling house in Europe  Controlled most of Austria  Also many parts of smaller countries  Because they were defeated in many wars, they were forced to change their government

12. Austria  Dual-Monarchy  Austria-Hungary  Separate states, but under the same ruling person  Many other groups resented government and wanted to create their own government  Czechs, Slavs, Ukrainians

13. Balkans  Ottomans had control over most territories  Nationalism erupts and groups demand to be free  Serbia, Greece, Romania  Many wars that eventually led to WWI

14. Russia  Great world power  Largest, most populous nation in Europe  Tsar’s had absolute power  Did not want to modernize and lose power, even though they knew economy was undeveloped

15. Russia  Alexander II  Freed serfs, created assemblies, eased censorship  Assassinated  Alexander III  Cracked down on all reforms in reaction to his father’s death

16. Russia  Industrialization  Helped economy  After defeat in war with Japan, Russians revolted  Bloody Sunday  Nicholas II forced to reform Russia  Still was not working  Country was still at unrest