1. Ankle and Lower Leg
Chapter 19

2. BONES OF THE ANKLE AND LOWER LEG
TIBIA
MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
FIBULA
LATERAL MALLEOLUS
TALUS
CALCANEUS

3. JOINTS OF THE ANKLE
TIBIAL - TALAR
SUBTALAR

4. MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE ANKLE
Lateral Aspect
anterior tibiofibular
anterior talofibular
lateral talocalcaneal
calcaneofibular

6. LIGAMENTS (cont.) Medial Aspect Posterior deltoid
posterior talofibular
posterior talocalcaneal

7. Lateral View of Ankle

8. Medial View of Ankle

9. MUSCLES OF ANKLE AND LOWER LEG
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Anterior tibialis
Posterior tibialis
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

10. Anterior Musculature

11. Deep Posterior musculature

12. Superficial posterior musculature

13. LOWER LEG COMPARTMENTS
ANTERIOR
EDL, EHL, Tibialis anterior, ant. tib. artery
LATERAL
Peroneus longus muscle, peroneal brevis, fibula
DEEP POSTERIOR
Tib. Post., FDL, FHL, post. tib. artery
SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR
Soleus, gasroc

14. ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE
DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR
SYNDESMOSIS
BURSAE

15. PREVENTING INJURY TO LOWER LEG & ANKLE
Achilles Tendon Stretching
Strength Training
Neuromuscular Control Training
Footwear
Preventive Ankle and Braces

16. PHYSICAL EXAM Weight bearing status Bilateral comparisons
Inspection and Palpation
Inspection of lateral structures
Inspection of medial structures
Inspection of anterior structures
Inspection of posterior structures
Special tests

17. SPECIFIC INJURIES OF THE ANKLE AND LOWER LEG - ASSESSMENT
Ankle Sprain
Ankle Fractures
Peroneal Tendon Problems
Anterior/Posterior Tibialis Tendonitis
Shin Conditions
Leg Cramps & Spasm
Gastroc / Achilles Strain
Stress Fracture Syndrome of Lower Leg

18. REHABILITATION General Weight Bearing Joint Mobilization Flexibility
Strengthening
Proprioception
Taping and Bracing