1. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds

2. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Today’s topics Stereotypes and prejudice Stereotypes and prejudice Perceiving causes of behavior – attribution Perceiving causes of behavior – attribution Interpersonal attraction Interpersonal attraction Dealing with authority, compliance, obedience and helping Dealing with authority, compliance, obedience and helping

3. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Social Organizations Group Group Norms Norms Injunctive norms Injunctive norms Descriptive norms Descriptive norms Perceived norms Perceived norms Roles Roles Status hierarchy Status hierarchy

4. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What is a group? Two or more people who interact with and influence one another over a period of time, and who depend upon one another and share common goals and a collective identity. Two or more people who interact with and influence one another over a period of time, and who depend upon one another and share common goals and a collective identity.

5. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Norms Norms: learned, socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do Norms: learned, socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do We follow them We follow them Expect others to follow them Expect others to follow them Hard to verbalize, but we know when we see a violation Hard to verbalize, but we know when we see a violation Make situations more comfortable and less uncertain comfortable  creates social order Make situations more comfortable and less uncertain comfortable  creates social order

6. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Norms of social behavior: Elevators

7. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Stanford Prison Experiment Power of the Situation – 12:20-20:00

8. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment Major factors that enabled brutality: Obedience to Authority Obedience to Authority Experimenter gave orders to guards and encouraged tough behavior Experimenter gave orders to guards and encouraged tough behavior Deindividuation Deindividuation The loss of one’s sense of individuality and a loosening of normative constraints against deviant behavior The loss of one’s sense of individuality and a loosening of normative constraints against deviant behavior Guards wore uniforms, mirrored sunglasses Guards wore uniforms, mirrored sunglasses Anonimity Anonimity Dehumanization Dehumanization Prisoners stripped, wore prisoner clothes, given numbers as names Prisoners stripped, wore prisoner clothes, given numbers as names

9. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment Parallels to real-life examples? e.g., abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib e.g., abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib Obedience to Authority: Intimidation practices from higher-ups, encouraged to “soften” prisoner Obedience to Authority: Intimidation practices from higher-ups, encouraged to “soften” prisoner Deindividuation: American soldiers wore same uniforms (anonymity), language barrier Deindividuation: American soldiers wore same uniforms (anonymity), language barrier Dehumanization: Iraqi prisoners stripped, kept in dirty cells, blindfolds/bags over heads, use of dogs Dehumanization: Iraqi prisoners stripped, kept in dirty cells, blindfolds/bags over heads, use of dogs

10. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Yielding to Others Conformity Conformity A yielding to perceived group pressure. A yielding to perceived group pressure.

11. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Conformity: Asch’s Studies 1 2 3 Find the matching line

12. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Match the line on the left to one on the right: Suppose everyone in the class said that 1 matched. What would you do?

13. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Conformity When people change their behavior or beliefs in order to match those of other members of a group. When people change their behavior or beliefs in order to match those of other members of a group. Ex. Peer pressure… Ex. Peer pressure…

14. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Asch’s Studies of Conformity What did the participant do? What did the participant do? 70% conformed at least once! 70% conformed at least once! Most said they knew answer was wrong but didn’t want to look peculiar Most said they knew answer was wrong but didn’t want to look peculiar

15. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Obedience: The performance of an action in response to a direct order.

16. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Milgram Studies: Obedience to Authority Teacher and Learner

17. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Scripted responses of Mr. Wallace, the learner 75 volts: 75 volts: moan and grunt moan and grunt 150 volts: 150 volts: demand to be released demand to be released 180 volts: 180 volts: cried out that he could not longer stand the pain cried out that he could not longer stand the pain 300 volts: 300 volts: protested that he had a heart condition and insisted that he would not longer take part in the experiment protested that he had a heart condition and insisted that he would not longer take part in the experiment 315+: 315+: Ominous silence Ominous silence

18. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Scripted responses of the experimenter Gave these responses in this order, as needed: “Please go on” “Please go on” “Teacher, you must go on; your job is to punish the learner’s mistakes” “Teacher, you must go on; your job is to punish the learner’s mistakes” “The experiment requires that you continue” “The experiment requires that you continue” “Teacher you have no other choice” “Teacher you have no other choice” video

19. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Milgram Studies Psychiatrists predicted 2% would go to maximum level Psychiatrists predicted 2% would go to maximum level What would you do? What would you do?

20. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Degree of obedience 100% compliance until 210 volts 100% compliance until 210 volts Only 5 % stopped before 300 volts Only 5 % stopped before 300 volts 65% went all the way to 450 Volts!!! 65% went all the way to 450 Volts!!!

21. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Milgram Studies Power of the situation 8:00 Power of the situation 8:00 – 12:0012:00

22. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Compliance When people change in behavior because of a request. When people change in behavior because of a request. How is compliance brought about? How is compliance brought about? If you want something, ask! If you want something, ask! What about… “If you want something, ask for something else”!? What about… “If you want something, ask for something else”!? Foot in the door technique Foot in the door technique Get person to agree to small request then ask for something larger Get person to agree to small request then ask for something larger Sign to put “drive carefully” on lawn Sign to put “drive carefully” on lawn 17% agree on 1 st round 17% agree on 1 st round 55% agreed after signing a petition weeks earlier 55% agreed after signing a petition weeks earlier Why does this work? Why does this work? Commitment Commitment Door in the face procedure Door in the face procedure Ask for something big that will surely be denied, then ask for something smaller… Ask for something big that will surely be denied, then ask for something smaller… Appears to be a compromise… (framing!) Appears to be a compromise… (framing!)

23. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Compliance Six principles Six principles Friendship/liking Friendship/liking Commitment/consistency Commitment/consistency Scarcity Scarcity Reciprocity Reciprocity Social validation Social validation Authority Authority

24. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Helping An act that is intended to help another person An act that is intended to help another person Factors that influence: Factors that influence: Clarity of need Clarity of need Presence of others Presence of others Perceived closeness Perceived closeness

25. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 When we help An act that is intended to help another person An act that is intended to help another person Factors that influence: Factors that influence: Clarity of need Clarity of need Presence of others Presence of others Perceived closeness Perceived closeness

26. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Clarity of need Sometimes it is not clear if/who needs help… Sometimes it is not clear if/who needs help… Notice & Interpret as emergency Notice & Interpret as emergency Asking for help makes a difference! Asking for help makes a difference!

27. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Discovering Psychology Discovering Psychology Power of the situation 20:08-20:55

28. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Questions raised by Milgram & Zimbardo How can we explain evil acts? How can we explain evil acts? Other examples from history? Other examples from history? Are people ever inherently evil? Are people ever inherently evil? Or do situations cause evil? Or do situations cause evil? Ethical issues of this type of research Ethical issues of this type of research But is research worthwhile? But is research worthwhile?

29. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Relationships: Liking Repeated contact Repeated contact Similarity Similarity Physical attraction Physical attraction

30. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Relationships: Loving Passionate love Passionate love Compassionate love Compassionate love Sternberg’s triangular model of love Sternberg’s triangular model of love Passion Passion Intimacy Intimacy Commitment Commitment Attachment style Attachment style

31. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Relationships Making love last Making love last Similarity Similarity More sex than arguments More sex than arguments Intimacy of thoughts and feelings Intimacy of thoughts and feelings Shared decision making and daily burdens Shared decision making and daily burdens Mating preferences Mating preferences Evolutionary theory Evolutionary theory Social exchange theory Social exchange theory