1. Using SET Operators Fresher Learning Program January, 2012

2. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Objectives of Using SET Operators  After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe SET operators Use a SET operator to combine multiple queries into a single query Control the order of rows returned

3. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Topics  Following topics will be covered  The SET Operators  Tables Used in This Lesson  The UNION Operator  Using the UNION Operator  The UNION ALL Operator  Using the UNION ALL Operator  The INTERSECT Operator  Using the INTERSECT Operator  The MINUS Operator  SET Operator Guidelines  The Oracle Server and SET Operators  Matching the SELECT Statements  Controlling the Order of Rows  Summary

4. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate The SET Operators INTERSECT MINUS UNION/UNION ALL A B

5. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Continued……  The SET Operators: The SET operators combine the results of two or more component queries into one result. Queries containing SET operators are called compound queries. OperatorReturns UNIONAll distinct rows selected by either query UNION ALLAll rows selected by either query, including all duplicates INTERSECTAll distinct rows selected by both queries MINUSAll distinct rows that are selected by the first SELECT statement and not selected in the second SELECT statement

6. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Tables Used in This Lesson  The tables used in this lesson are: EMPLOYEES: Provides details regarding all current employees JOB_HISTORY: Records the details of the start date and end date of the former job, and the job identification number and department when an employee switches jobs

7. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Continued……  Tables Used in This Lesson Two tables are used in this lesson. They are the EMPLOYEES table and the JOB_HISTORY table. The EMPLOYEES table stores the employee details. For the human resource records, this table stores a unique identification number and email address for each employee. The details of the employee’s job identification number, salary, and manager are also stored. Some of the employees earn a commission in addition to their salary; this information is tracked too. The company organizes the roles of employees into jobs. Some of the employees have been with the company for a long time and have switched to different jobs. This is monitored using the JOB_HISTORY table. When an employee switches jobs, the details of the start date and end date of the former job, the job identification number and department are recorded in the JOB_HISTORY table. The structure and the data from the EMPLOYEES and the JOB_HISTORY tables are shown on the next page.

8. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Continued…… There have been instances in the company of people who have held the same position more than once during their tenure with the company. For example, consider the employee Taylor, who joined the company on 24-MAR-1998. Taylor held the job title SA_REP for the period 24-MAR-98 to 31-DEC- 98 and the job title SA_MAN for the period 01-JAN-99 to 31-DEC-99. Taylor moved back into the job title of SA_REP, which is his current job title. Similarly consider the employee Whalen, who joined the company on 17-SEP-1987. Whalen held the job title AD_ASST for the period 17-SEP-87 to 17- JUN-93 and the job title AC_ACCOUNT for the period 01-JUL-94 to 31-DEC-98. Whalen moved back into the job title of AD_ASST, which is his current job title.

9. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Continued…  Tables Used in This Lesson (continued):DESC employees NameNull?Type EMPLOYEE_IDNOT NULLNUMBER(6) FIRST_NAMEVARCHAR2(20) LAST_NAMENOT NULLVARCHAR2(25) EMAILNOT NULLVARCHAR2(25) PHONE_NUMBERVARCHAR2(20) HIRE_DATEDATE JOB_IDNOT NULLVARCHAR2(10) SALARYNOT NULLNUMBER(8,2) COMMISSION_PCTNUMBER(2,2) MANAGER_IDNUMBER(6) DEPARTMENT_IDNUMBER() DEPARTMENT_NAMEVARCHAR2(14)

10. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, hire_date, department_id FROM employees; Continued… EMPLOYEE_IDLAST_NAMEJOB_IDHIREDEPARTMENT_ID 100KingAD_PRES17-JUN-8790 101KochharAD_VP21-SEP-8990 102De HaanAD_VP13-JAN-9090 103HunoldIT_PROG13-JAN-9360 104EmstIT_PROG21-MAY-9160 107LorrentzIT_PROG07-FEB-9960 124MourgosST_MAN16-NOV-9950 141RajsST_CLERK17-OCT-9550 142DaviesST_CLERK29-JAN-9750 143MaosST_CLERK15-MAR-9850 144VargasST_CLERK09-JAN-9850 149ZlotkeySA_MAN29-JUL-0080 174AbelSA_REP11-MAY-9680 176TaylorSA_REP24-MAR-9980 178GrantSA_REP24-MAY-99 200WhalenAD_ASST17-SEP-8710 201HarteinMK_MAN17-FEB-9620

11. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate The UNION Operator © 2011 Capgemini - All rights reserved10 The UNION operator returns results from both queries after eliminating duplications.  The UNION Operator: The UNION operator returns all rows selected by either query. Use the UNION operator to return all rows from multiple tables and eliminate any duplicate rows. A B

12. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate  Display the current and previous job details of all employees. Display each employee only once. Using the UNION Operator SELECT employee_id, job_id FROM employees SELECT employee_id, job_id FROM job_history; UNION EMPLOYEE_IDJOB_ID 100AD_PRES 101AC_ACCOUNT ………… 200AC_ACCOUNT 200AD_ASST ………… 205AC_MGR 206AC_ACCOUNT

13. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate The UNION ALL Operator The UNION ALL operator returns results from both queries, including all duplications. A B

14. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Using the UNION ALL Operator Display the current and previous departments of all employees. SELECT employee_id, job_id, department_id FROM employees UNION ALL SELECT employee_id, job_id, department_id FROM job_history ORDER BY employee_id;

15. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate The INTERSECT Operator The INTERSECT Operator: A B

16. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Using the INTERSECT Operator Display the employee IDs and job IDs of employees who currently have a job title that they held before beginning their tenure with the company. SELECT employee_id, job_id FROM employees INTERSECT SELECT employee_id, job_id FROM job_history; EMPLOYEE_IDJOB_ID 176SA_REP 200AD_ASST

17. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate The MINUS Operator The MINUS Operator: A B

18. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Continued… Display the employee IDs of those employees who have not changed their jobs even once. SELECT employee_id,job_id FROM employees MINUS SELECT employee_id,job_id FROM job_history; EMPLOYEE_IDJOB_ID 100AD_PRES 101AD_VP 102AD_VP 103IT_PROG …………………. 201MK_MAN 202MK_REP 205AC_MGR 206AC_ACCOUNT

19. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate SET Operator Guidelines The expressions in the SELECT lists must match in number and data type. Parentheses can be used to alter the sequence of execution. The ORDER BY clause: –Can appear only at the very end of the statement –Will accept the column name, aliases from the first SELECT statement, or the positional notation

20. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate The Oracle Server and SET Operators Duplicate rows are automatically eliminated except in UNION ALL. Column names from the first query appear in the result. The output is sorted in ascending order by default except in UNION ALL.  The Oracle Server and SET Operators When a query uses SET operators, the Oracle Server eliminates duplicate rows automatically except in the case of the UNION ALL operator. The column names in the output are decided by the column list in the first SELECT statement. By default, the output is sorted in ascending order of the first column of the SELECT clause. The corresponding expressions in the select lists of the component queries of a compound query must match in number and datatype. If component queries select character data, the datatype of the return values are determined as follows: If both queries select values of datatype CHAR, the returned values have data type CHAR.

21. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Matching the SELECT Statements Using the UNION operator, display the department ID, location, and hire date for all employees. SELECT department_id, TO_NUMBER(null) location, hire_date FROM employees UNION SELECT department_id, location_id, TO_DATE(null) FROM departments; DEPARTMENT_IDLOCATIONHIRE_DATE 101700 1017-SEP-87 201800 2017-FEB-96 ……………….. 1101700 11007-JUN-94 1901700 24-MAY-99

22. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Controlling the Order of Rows Produce an English sentence using two UNION operators. COLUMN a_dummy NOPRINT SELECT ’sing’ AS "My dream", 3 a_dummy FROM dual UNION SELECT ’I’’d like to teach’, 1 FROM dual UNION SELECT ’the world to’, 2 FROM dual ORDER BY 2; My dream I’d like to teach The world sing

23. Learning & Culture All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate Summary In this lesson, you should have learned how to: Use UNION to return all distinct rows Use UNION ALL to returns all rows, including duplicates Use INTERSECT to return all rows shared by both queries Use MINUS to return all distinct rows selected by the first query but not by the second Use ORDER BY only at the very end of the statement

24. Thank You For Your Time