1. CATHEDRALS By: Camila Velez The Columbus School

2. Introduction In this project I am going to talk about how cathedrals have been leaving their mark throughout the world. They showed the importance of religion, especially in the middle ages, by being a beautiful piece of architecture and displaying magnificent decorations.

3. Religious Extension Cathedrals were really important to people and architecture, they helped people to believe in God and they influenced people to became Christians with all the decoration of cathedrals and the good ideas they had. The bishops that owned cathedrals had a lot of power.

4. Layout Pg 4 Key 1: Chapter-house 2: Cloisters and Garth 3: West Front 4: Nave 5: North Aisle 6: South Aisle 7: North Transept 8: The Crossing 9: South Transept 10: Choir 11: Eastern Transepts 12: Presbytery 13: Retro-choir 14: Lady Chapel 15: North Porch

5. Meaning Most cathedrals follow a general design plan which includes: Chapter House: Where the overall running of the cathedral was discussed. Consists in a large single room which is usually shaped like an octagon. Its roof was commonly supported by a single central column. Cloisters: Are walkways usually around the cathedrals garden. They were used for exercise, study or movement under cover between the different parts of a cathedral. West Front: The entrance of the cathedral. Its highly decorated with carvings or paintings of saints & other historical figures. North & South Aisles: Are like hallways along the cathedral Northern, Southern & Eastern Transepts: The transepts give the cathedral its cross-like shape. Their length can vary. The Crossing: Is the point where the transepts meet. Its corners are held up by 4 gigantic poles that support the whole cathedral. Choir & Retro-Choir: the space left in a church behind the high altar or choir enclosure sometimes used as a chapel and occas. containing a second choir enclosure

6. CHAPTER HOUSE Cloisters West Front North & South Aisles The Crossing

7. Construction Most cathedrals were made out of stone mostly limestone. Workers would transport this stone by water or if it was not possible they used carts. Stone cutters would then put the stone into big blocks. Bricks were not used in this time, but there are some cathedrals that were built out of bricks. The material that sticked the stone together is called mortar, which is kind of cement. And the roof is held up with wood.

8. Importance and Extencion Cathedrals were really important in this time because they interpreted many things in the middle ages, like the power of the church in the middle ages, the strong force between people and God, and that people still cared for architecture in the middle ages that influenced people to change to Christian religion. Cathedrals were also important because they are the reason that architecture of today is so beautiful. Without them, gothic architecture would have probably have been forgotten in this time. Their influence to religion was also really big. Their beauty attracted people to become Christians. Their grate glassed windows from the bible, and their cross-shaped design showed the people’s strong belief in God.

9. Materials Many cathedrals were made out of stone, Mostly made of limestone; Limestone is a kind of rock that is mainly made put of calcium. It was also used to make roads. Bricks were not used in this time, but there are some cathedrals in that are made in bricks. The material that sticked the stone together is called mortar, which is a kind of an of cement. The roof is made up of wood.

10. 217-22 Pope St. Callixtus oversees the expansion of the roman catacombh 303-04 Last major persecution of Christians, under Emperor Diocletian 312 Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge outside Rome, becoming emperor of the West 313 Arch of constantine built 313 Arch of constantine built 330 Constantine founds the church of holy seculpture 330 Constantine founds the church of holy seculpture 350 Santa constanza constructed in Rome 350 Santa constanza constructed in Rome 374 Ambrose becomes Bishop of milan 674 Consecra tion of Monkwearmouth Church 790 Construction begins on new church at Fulda to honor St. Boniface 790 Construction begins on new church at Fulda to honor St. Boniface 1009Church of the holy sepulchre in jersusalem destroyed by caliphalhakim 793 Viking raids on Britian begin; lindisfarne monastery attacked 793 Viking raids on Britian begin; lindisfarne monastery attacked 1048 Chur ch of the Holy sepulchre in jersusalem rebuilt undeer Bysantine TIMELINE

11. Gothic architecture Many cathedrals were down to the design of gothic architecture; a style that became prevalent during the middle ages and still influences architecture today.

12. Size Depending on how much money the bishop and the town had, depended the size. Most of the large cathedrals in Europe were built too large because their bishop was a very rich man and the town people were very kind. Some examples of this would be the cathedrals in, Cologne, Paris, and Orvieto.

13. Inside Decoration The roof is one of the most interesting parts of a cathedral because there are many variations as to what a roof looks like. Some are pointed, some are flat, and some look like domes. Some have different colors than Inside the cathedral, you can see many things. From arches, to statues, and, probably the most spectacular stained glass windows. They can be located almost anywhere in the cathedral if there is room. Gothic vaults were very difficult to build. Especially, when you have to get the stones in at the area, or the whole thing would destroy. The stones were usually heavy and there was no real technology to help them pull up those huge stones.

15. Outside decoration Like many of the buildings, the cathedral had many sculptures. Some of these figures could be humans, animals, or the gargoyle. The purpose of the flying buttress was to help support cathedrasl from the outside. If there were no flying buttress, then the walls would begin to lean outwards from the pressure of the vaults and the cathedral would eventually collapase.

17. Famous cathedrals Notre dame:otre Dame Cathedral (full name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, "Our Lady of Paris") is a beautiful cathedral on the the Île de la Cité in Paris. Begun in 1163 an mostly completed by 1250, notre dame is an important example of french gothic architecture, sculpture and stained glass.

19. sourses http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/cathedrals.ht m http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/cathedrals.ht m http://www.sacred- destinations.com/reference/medieval-time http://www.sacred- destinations.com/reference/medieval-time http://www.timeref.com/cathpart.htm http://www.themiddleages.net/life/cathedrals.ht ml http://www.themiddleages.net/life/cathedrals.ht ml Some photos from http://www.google.com.co/

20. Intro: In this project I am going to talk about how cathedrals have been leaving their mark throughout the world. They showed the importance of religion, especially in the middle ages, by being a beautiful piece of architecture and displaying magnificent decorations. Religious: Cathedrals were really important to people and architecture, they helped people to believe in God and they influenced people to became Christians with all the decoration of cathedrals and the good ideas they had. The bishops that owned cathedrals had a lot of power. Key 1: Chapter-house 2: Cloisters and Garth 3: West Front 4: Nave 5: North Aisle 6: South Aisle 7: North Transept 8: The Crossing 9: South Transept 10: Choir 11: Eastern Transepts 12: Presbytery 13: Retro-choir 14: Lady Chapel 15: North Porch Chapter House: Where the overall running of the cathedral was discussed. Consists in a large single room which is usually shaped like an octagon. Its roof was commonly supported by a single central column. Cloisters: Are walkways usually around the cathedrals garden. They were used for exercise, study or movement under cover between the different parts of a cathedral. West Front: The entrance of the cathedral. Its highly decorated with carvings or paintings of saints & other historical figures. North & South Aisles: Are like hallways along the cathedral Northern, Southern & Eastern Transepts: The transepts give the cathedral its cross-like shape. Their length can vary. The Crossing: Is the point where the transepts meet. Its corners are held up by 4 gigantic poles that support the whole cathedral. Choir & Retro-Choir: the space left in a church behind the high altar or choir enclosure sometimes used as a chapel and occas. containing a second choir enclosure Cons:Most cathedrals were made out of stone mostly limestone. Workers would transport this stone by water or if it was not possible they used carts. Stone cutters would then put the stone into big blocks. Bricks were not used in this time, but there are some cathedrals that were built out of bricks. The material that sticked the stone together is called mortar, which is kind of cement. And the roof is held up with wood. Influ :Cathedrals were really important in this time because they interpreted many things in the middle ages, like the power of the church in the middle ages, the strong force between people and God, and that people still cared for architecture in the middle ages that influenced people to change to Christian religion. Cathedrals were also important because they are the reason that architecture of today is so beautiful. Without them, gothic architecture would have probably have been forgotten in this time. Their influence to religion was also really big. Their beauty attracted people to become Christians. Their grate glassed windows from the bible, and their cross-shaped design showed the people’s strong belief in God.

21. Materi : Many cathedrals were made out of stone, Mostly made of limestone; Limestone is a kind of rock that is mainly made put of calcium. It was also used to make roads. Bricks were not used in this time, but there are some cathedrals in that are made in bricks. The material that sticked the stone together is called mortar, which is a kind of an of cement. The roof is made up of wood. Gothic: Many cathedrals were down to the design of gothic architecture; a style that became prevalent during the middle ages and still influences architecture today Depending on how much money the bishop and the town had, depended the size. Most of the large cathedrals in Europe were built too large because their bishop was a very rich man and the town people were very kind. Some examples of this would be the cathedrals in, Cologne, Paris, and Orvieto. The roof is one of the most interesting parts of a cathedral because there are many variations as to what a roof looks like. Some are pointed, some are flat, and some look like domes. Some have different colors than Inside the cathedral, you can see many things. From arches, to statues, and, probably the most spectacular stained glass windows. They can be located almost anywhere in the cathedral if there is room. Gothic vaults were very difficult to build. Especially, when you have to get the stones in at the area, or the whole thing would destroy. The stones were usually heavy and there was no real technology to help them pull up those huge stones. Like many of the buildings, the cathedral had many sculptures. Some of these figures could be humans, animals, or the gargoyle. The purpose of the flying buttress was to help support cathedrasl from the outside. If there were no flying buttress, then the walls would begin to lean outwards from the pressure of the vaults and the cathedral would eventually collapase. Notre dame:otre Dame Cathedral (full name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, "Our Lady of Paris") is a beautiful cathedral on the the Île de la Cité in Paris. Begun in 1163 an mostly completed by 1250, notre dame is an important example of french gothic architecture, sculpture and stained glass.