1. Endocrine System
Health Science 1

2. Glands Gland- Hormones ENDOCRINE GLANDS
-any organ that produces a secretion
Hormones
Chemical messengers
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
Ductless
 EXOCRINE GLANDS – secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas)

3. Pituitary Gland Tiny structure the size of a grape
Located at the base of the brain
Posterior is connected to the hypothalamus (controls bp, beating of the heart, temp control, appetite,etc)
Divided into anterior and posterior lobes
The “Master Gland”

4. Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
GROWTH HORMONE – GH responsible for growth and development
PROLACTIN – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE – TSH - stimulates thyroxine

5. Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE – ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE – FSH - stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males
LUTEINIZING HORMONE – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females

6. Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Hormones:
VASOPRESSIN – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body
OXYTOCIN – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

7. Thyroid Gland Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue
On either side of larynx, over trachea
H-shaped
Main hormone – THYROXINE – is controlled by the secretion of TSH
Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism
CALCITONIN – controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia

8. Parathyroid Gland Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid
Produce PARATHORMONE which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia

9. Thymus Gland Posterior to the sternum
Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ
Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart
Begins to disappear at puberty
Important for immunity

10. Adrenal Glands
Located above the kidney & divided into cortex and medulla.
Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids – they are anti-inflammatory
ANDROGENS are male sex hormones
Adrenal medulla(inside) secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine
ADRENALIN is a powerful cardiac stimulant – “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation

11. Gonads Ovary in female Testes in male
Estrogen – development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics (may have underdeveloped breast, no menstrual cycle)
Progesterone – plays a part in the menstrual cycle
Testosterone – male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

12. Pancreas Located behind the stomach Also organ of digestive system.
Endocrine and exocrine functions
Involved in production of INSULIN by special cells- ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
Insulin – promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis

13. Hormones
Prostaglandins- tissue hormones that can cause constriction of the blood vessels and muscle contractions
Steroid abuse-liver changes, dec.spleen prod., atrophy of testicles, breast enlargement and increase cardiovascular disease.

14. Endocrine Disorders GIGANTISM
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone
In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness
Cx- usually pituitary tumor
Rx- remove tumor or medication to stop release of GH

15. Endocrine Disorders ACROMEGALY
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet
Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlarge
Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

16. Endocrine Disorders Growth Hormone Deficiency
S/S- much shorter than most or all children of the same age and gender, puberty may come late or may not come at all
Cx- may be unknown, poorly developed pituitary glands
Rx- growth hormone injections given at home, side effects are headache fluid retention muscle and joint aches slipped bones at the hip 

17. Endocrine Disorders DWARFISM Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal
Sexual immaturity
Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

18. Endocrine Disorders Addison’s Disease
Cause- adrenal glands not working properly, decrease in androgens or corticosteroids
s/s- Weight loss, muscle weakness ,fatigue that gets worse over time, low blood pressure, patchy or dark skin
Rx- corticosteroid or androgen replacement

19. Endocrine Disorders Cushing’s Syndrome
Cx- body tissues exposed over time to too much of the hormone cortisol (stress hormone), usually from a medication or tumor
s/s-Upper body obesity, thin arms and legs, severe fatigue and muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, easy bruising
Rx- wean medication or remove tumor

20. Endocrine Disorders Diabetes Mellitus
Caused by  secretion of insulin
Can be insulin dependent (juvenile/Type I) or non-insulin dependent (Type II)
Symps – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma
Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria)

21. Endocrine Disorders
If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypoglycemia  insulin shock)
If blood sugar gets too high – hyperglycemia  diabetic coma
Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet
Tests for Diabetes – blood sample measured in glucometer – done by patient in home – normal blood sugar mg

23. Endocrine Disorders Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid, thyroid releases too much of its hormones
Cx- Graves Disease, too much iodine, thyroiditis, tumors, large amounts of thyroid hormone
S/S- Difficulty concentrating, fatigue, Goiter, thyroid nodules, Heat intolerance, increased appetite, sweating, irregular periods, nervousness, weight loss
Rx- Antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine (which destroys the thyroid gland and stops the excess production of hormones), or surgery to remove the thyroid

25. Endocrine Disorders Hypothyroidism
underactive thyroid, usually in women over 50
Cx- medications, congenital, radiation, radioactive iodine,
S/S- fatigue, sensitivity to cold, heavier periods, brittle hair and nails, paleness, depression, weight gain, decreased taste and smell
Rx- medication to raise blood levels

26. Endocrine Disorders Tetany
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves
S/S- Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles
Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone