1. ANIMALS SPECIALIZED CELLS & BODY SYSTEMS

2. SPECIALIZED CELLS: BLOOD BLOOD: FLUID THAT TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES THROUGHOUT THE BODY MADE OF 2 MAIN SUBSTANCES: 1. PLASMA: 90% WATER PLUS DISSOLVED PROTEINS, GLUCOSE, MINERAL IONS, HORMONES, & CARBON DIOXIDE. 2. BLOOD CELLS: 3 TYPES: RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)= CARRIES OXYGEN THROUGHOUT THE BODY (MOST NUMEROUS) WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)= DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE PLATELETS= FORM BLOOD CLOTS

3. SPECIALIZED CELLS: MUSCLE MUSCLE CELLS: SHORTEN TO CAUSE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY. THEY MOVE THE SKELETON, HEART, AND INTERNAL ORGANS THREE MAIN TYPES 1.SKELETAL 2.CARDIAC 3.SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS HAVE MANY, MANY MITOCHONDRIA (BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE SO MUCH ENERGY)

4. SPECIALIZED CELLS: EPITHELIUM EPITHELIAL CELLS FORM THE LINING OF STRUCTURES. THIS INCLUDES: SKIN LINING OF BODY CAVITIES THREE TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS 1.SQUAMOUS: FLAT, THIN, AND SOFT. THESE LINE CHEEKS, BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS, AND OTHER BODY CAVITIES. 2.CUBOIDAL: CUBE-SHAPED 3.COLUMNAR: LINE THE SMALL INTESTINE.

5. BODY SYSTEMS: RESPIRATORY RESPIRATION: MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS (BREATHING) INSPIRATION: BREATHING IN EXPIRATION: BREATHING OUT INVOLVES THE LUNGS TRACHEA BRONCHIAL TUBES ALVEOLI

6. BODY SYSTEMS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR MANY SUBSTANCES (INCLUDING BLOOD) INVOLVES THE HEART= PUMP SYSTEM VEINS= CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART ARTERIES= CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART BLOOD VESSELS= FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND VARY IN SIZE

7. BODY SYSTEMS: SKELETAL SYSTEM PROVIDES SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE BODY, MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF BONES INVOLVES BONES= MADE OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE JOINTS= WHERE BONES COME TOGETHER. 1. BALL & SOCKET JOINT: LIKE HIP OR SHOULDER 2. HINGE JOINT: LIKE KNEE OR ELBOW 3. IMMOVABLE JOINT: LIKE THE SKULL CARTILAGE= FLEXIBLE TISSUE THAT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT

8. BODY SYSTEMS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SMALLER MOLECULES THAT THE CELL CAN USE INVOLVES: MOUTH= TEETH MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD ESOPHAGUS= PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS (THROAT) STOMACH= BREAKS DOWN FOOD WITH GASTRIC JUICE (VERY ACIDIC) SMALL INTESTINE= ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM LARGE INTESTINE= WATER IS REABSORBED BY THE BODY & WASTES ARE EXPELLED

9. BODY SYSTEMS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALES HAVE SPERM TESTES= GLANDS THAT PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE FEMALES HAVE OVARIES= RELEASE EGGS FALLOPIAN TUBE= PATH OF EGGS TO UTERUS UTERUS= PLACE FOR EMBRYO (BABY) TO DEVELOP SPERM + EGG= ZYGOTE (WHICH DEVELOPS INTO A FETUS UNTIL FINAL A BABY IS BORN)

10. BODY SYSTEMS: MUSCULAR SYSTEM ENABLES APPROPRIATE MOVEMENT ENABLES THE FUNCTION OF ORGANS THREE TYPES 1. SKELETAL= ATTACHED TO BONES AND MOVES THE BODY (VOLUNTARY) 2. SMOOTH= LINE INTERNAL ORGANS AND MAKE UP THE WALLS OF VESSELS (INVOLUNTARY) 3. CARDIAC= FOUND IN THE HEART (INVOLUNTARY)

11. BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK OF THE BODY NEURONS= NERVE CELLS SENSORY NEURONS GET INFO FROM YOUR 5 SENSES MOTOR NEURONS CARRY INFO FROM BRAIN TO MUSCLES TO CAUSE ACTION CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD

12. BODY SYSTEMS: NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF ALL OTHER PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM. CARRIES IMPULSES FROM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD TO THE REST OF THE BODY AUTONOMIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE GLANDS & SMOOTH MUSCLES. SOMATIC SYSTEM= CONTROLS VOLUNTARY SYSTEMS, LIKE SKELETAL MUSCLES

13. BODY SYSTEMS: URINARY SYSTEM PRODUCES, TEMPORARILY STORES, AND ELIMINATES WASTE (URINE) INVOLVES THE KIDNEYS= FILTERS LIQUID WASTE AND PRODUCES URINE URETERS= PATHWAY OF URINE TO BLADDER BLADDER= HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE URETHRA= TUBE THAT TAKES URINE FROM THE BLADDER OUT OF THE BODY

14. BODY SYSTEMS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REGULATES THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON BODY FUNCTION TWO TYPES OF GLANDS: EXOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE SUBSTANCES INTO BODY CAVITY OR ONTO SKIN’S SURFACE. EX. SWEAT GLANDS & MAMMARY GLANDS ENDOCRINE GLANDS= SECRETE HORMONES INTO BLOODSTREAM. HORMONES INCLUDE: GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN, ADRENALINE, & THYROXIN

15. BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND TISSUES THAT DEFEND THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST PATHOGENS -INVOLVES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: CONNECTING NETWORK AMONG PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPH= FLUID CONTAINED IN LYMPH VESSELS TISSUE FLUID= SURROUNDS CELLS AND CONSISTS OF WATER AND LEUKOCYTES LYMPH NODES= MASSES OF TISSUE LOCATED AT INTERVALS ALONG THE LYMPH VESSELS

16. BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM SPLEEN= LARGEST LYMPH ORGAN INFLAMMATION= LOCALIZES THE INFECTION AND ALLOWS THE BODY TO DESTROY PATHOGENS FEVER= INCREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE ANTIGEN= VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGI (WHATEVER THE INVADING ORGANISM) ANTIBODIES= SPECIFIC TO ONE ANTIGEN. BINDS TO ANTIGEN AND BLOCKS EFFECTS.

17. BODY SYSTEMS: IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNITY= ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE. ACTIVE IMMUNITY= ACQUIRED WHEN AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS ACTIVATED IN THE BODY. (YOU GET SICK AND YOUR BODY BUILDS UP ITS IMMUNITY) LONG TERM IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY= WHEN ANTIBODIES ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY. (FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH BREAST-FEEDING) SHORT TERM IMMUNITY

18. RECAP OF BODY SYSTEMS RESPIRATORY CIRCULATORY SKELETAL DIGESTIVE REPRODUCTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS URINARY ENDOCRINE IMMUNE