1. MOLTEN SALT (Sodium Nickel-Chloride) “ZEBRA” Battery Technology
Naveen Kadimcherla
Joaquín Arredondo

2. Science and Electrochemistry
The normal cell reactions are as follows:
Positive electrode:
NiCl2 + 2Na + 2e-  Ni +2NaCl
Negative electrode:
Na  Na + e-
The Net reaction is
NiCl2 + 2Na  2NaCl + Ni; E = 2.58V

4. Power and Energy Density
Specific Energy of Wh/kg
Specific Power of 150 W/kg

5. Construction and Manufacturing Techniques
ZEBRA batteries are currently manufactured by FIAMM Sonick.
EV applications.
General Electric terminated the development of its Durathon battery in 2015.
Grid Connected Energy Storage Solutions for All Grid Segments.

6. Construction and Manufacturing Techniques
Beta Alumina Electrolyte
Sodium Chloride
Ni Powder
Mild Steel
NaAlCl4

9. FIAMM Sonick 48TL200: Sodium–nickel battery with welding-sealed cells and heat insulation

10. GE’s Durathon

11. Strength

12. is
NaAlCl4

13. It increase sodium ion conductivity
Low resistive cell failure
Over Charge Reaction
Over discharge Reaction

15. Constant Output

16. Battery life of 3000 cycles i.e. 8 years.
No side reactions.
100% charge efficiency.
Non-Toxic.

17. 100% Recyclable

18. Weaknesses

19. It has high operating temperature range (270C-350C)
Uses 15% of every day power to keep itself running.
If not in operation for long time then takes 2 days to charge.

21. Provide a flexible and fast solution to relieving network congestion and correcting network imbalances.
Increasing value from renewable power-generating assets by avoiding curtailment.
Provide predictable plant output, improving power quality and system response.
Even though it has to be operated at higher temperatures it gives us an opportunity to incorporate it in PV systems and need not worry about it degrading at hotter or colder environmental conditions.
High Cost

22. THREATS
Manufacturing accounts for 50%-60% of total system cost thus this makes this battery very costly and there slim chances of manufacturing process to become economical.

23. References
[1] Dustmann, Cord-H. "Advances in ZEBRA Batteries." Journal of Power Sources  (2004): Web.
[2] Messenger, Roger A., and Jerry Ventre. "3.8.2 Charge Controllers."Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, Print
[3] "Energy Storage | GE Renewables Energy." Energy Storage | GE Renewables Energy. GE Energy, n.d. Web. 08 Oct
[4] "Weird and Wonderful Batteries." - Battery University. Battery University, n.d. Web. 08 Oct
[5] R.C. Galloway, C.-H. Dustmann, ZEBRA Battery - Material Cost Availability and Recycling, EVS-20, Nov. 15 – 19, 2003 Long Beach, CA

24. Questions?