1. The End of the Republic
Chapter 11.3

2. Tennessee State Standards
6.64 Describe the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from a republic to an empire and explain the reasons for the growth and long life of the Roman Empire. (C, E, G, H, P) · Military organization, tactics, and conquests and decentralized administration · the purpose and functions of taxes · the promotion of economic growth through the use of a standard currency, road construction, and the protection of trade routes · the benefits of a Pax Romana
6.65 Reflect on the impact of the lives of Cleopatra, Marc Anthony, Nero, Diocletian, and Constantine, city of Constantinople on the Roman Empire. (H, P)
6.71 Explain the spread and influence of the Roman alphabet and the Latin language, the use of Latin as the language of education for more than 1,000 years, and the role of Latin and Greek in scientific and academic vocabulary. (C, H, G)
6.72 Compare and contrast the Roman gods and goddesses to the Greek gods and goddesses, including Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Neptune, Saturn, Pluto, and Hera and their inclusion in modern society.

3. Problems in the Republic
Republic faced many economic troubles
Gap between rich and poor grew
Farmers faced financial ruin
Cities were overcrowded and dangerous
It appears the republic really is falling!!!!!!!

4. Romans-Rich and Poor Most Romans were plebeians
Power was held by the patricians
Farmers fell into poverty
Farmers neglected fields while fighting wars
Some farms were destroyed by the Carthaginians
Farmers could not pay back loans
Small farms were pushed out of business
Thousands of poor unemployed moved to the cities looking for jobs
To prevent a revolt, leaders offered policy of “bread and circuses” which was cheap food and free entertainment

5. Roman Reformers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Thought problems were caused by rich
Urged the Senate to take some land from rich and return it to the poor
Senate disagreed
Senators killed Tiberius and Gracchus
People who made laws-broke laws

6. Roman Politics and the Army
Marius
Military general became consul
Plebian
Recruited poor for army and paid them wages
Plan weakened government
Soldiers were more loyal to generals than republic
Generals passed laws that gave land to soldiers

7. Sulla Marius was opposed by Sulla Sulla drove his enemies out of Rome
Named himself dictator
First time ever a general led his army into capital
Reduced power of tribunes
Gave senators more power
Sulla stepped down as dictator
Started a conflict that lasted 50 years

8. The Rise of Julius Caesar
After Sulla, 3 men ruled the Republic
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar
Formed the First Triumvirate to rule Rome
A Triumvirate is a political group of 3 people who share equal power

9. Caesar’s Conquests Each Triumvirate member commanded a military
Pompey led in Spain
Crassus in Syria
Caesar in Gaul-France and Belgium
Poor supported Caesar
Senators feared Caesar was becoming to popular

10. First Triumvirate First Triumvirate no longer existed
Crassus had died in battle
Pompey emerges as Caesar’s main rival
Senate supported Pompey
Ordered Caesar to give up army
Caesar refused

11. Caesar crossing Rubicon
Caesar gathered troops and crossed Rubicon River
Refused to obey the Senate
Marching on Rome
Started a civil war
Captured all of Italy
Drove Pompey’s forces out

12. Caesar Takes Power Caesar took over the Roman Government
Declared himself dictator for life
Introduced reforms
Became popular with poor
Gave citizenship to people
Ordered landowners to hire free workers

13. Julian Calendar Caesar introduced calendar 12 months 365 days
Became known as Julian calendar
Used until A.D. 1582

14. Caesar Many Romans praised Caesar as a wise ruler
Brought peace and good government to Rome
Senators Brutus and Cassius plotted to kill him
On March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar’s opponents gathered around him and stabbed him
Became known as the “Ides of March”

16. Julius Caesar
Caesar’s murder was made famous in the play “Julius Caesar” by William Shakespeare. In play, Caesar was warned to “Beware the Ides of March”

17. From Republic to Empire
After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out
Caesar’s 18-year old grandnephew Octavian joined Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus
This was the Second Triumvirate

18. Second Triumvirate Divided the Roman Empire
Octavian took Italy and the west
Antony ruled in Greece and the east
Lepidus took North Africa

19. Antony and Cleopatra Second Triumvirate did not last
Lepidus retired from politics
Octavian and Antony became rivals

20. Antony and Cleopatra Antony fell in love with Cleopatra
Together they formed an alliance
Octavian accused Antony and Cleopatra of plotting against Rome
Octavian declared war on Antony

22. Octavian and Antony
Octavian and Antony’s navies clashed off the coast of Greece
At the Battle of Actium
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra
Octavian captured Alexandria, Egypt
Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves to avoid being captured by Octavian

23. Octavian-a New Direction
Octavian became the supreme ruler of Rome
Civil war ended and so did the Roman Republic

24. Cicero Cicero Political leader Supported the representative government
Died before Octavian rose to power
Influenced the writers of the United States Constitution

25. Octavian
Octavian became consul, tribune, and commander-in-chief for life
Took the title Augustus or “the majestic one”
Caesar Augustus became the first emperor, or all-powerful ruler