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Lab 2- Body Tissues rev 7011 Tissue: group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function 4 primary tissue groups Epithelium.

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Presentation on theme: "Lab 2- Body Tissues rev 7011 Tissue: group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function 4 primary tissue groups Epithelium."— Presentation transcript:

1 Lab 2- Body Tissues rev 7011 Tissue: group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function 4 primary tissue groups Epithelium Connective Muscle Nervous

2 Tissues combine to form Organs Organs combine to form Organ Systems
Lab 2-Tissues Tissues combine to form Organs Organs combine to form Organ Systems organ systems combine to form the Organism (humans)

3 Epithelial tissues also
Lab 2-Tissues Epithelial Tissue--sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity; helps form boundaries between different body environments examples: skin, lining of mouth, lining of digestive tract, etc. Epithelial tissues also protect underlying tissues

4 reduce friction because they are smooth
Lab 2-Tissues reduce friction because they are smooth epithelial tissue lines the blood vessels and thus helps blood flow more easily absorb epithelium filter which lines the excrete kidneys perform secrete all these functions sensory reception

5 Some epithelial tissues form glands
Lab 2-Tissues Some epithelial tissues form glands glands are epithelial tissues that are specialized to synthesize and secrete a product Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 1. Cells are packed closely together 2. One surface of the tissue is free while the other surface is attached to the underlying connective tissue by the basement membrane

6 3. Epithelial tissues tend to be given 2 names-
Lab 2-Tissues 3. Epithelial tissues tend to be given 2 names- first name indicates the number of cell layers present one layer of cells is called simple epithelium typically found where absorption and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable many layers--stratified epithelium common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important i.e. lining of the mouth, skin surface second name describes the shape of the cells

7 4. Cells occur in 3 types squamous--thin and flat cells
Lab 2-Tissues 4. Cells occur in 3 types squamous--thin and flat cells forms the thinnest possible layer for diffusion & filtration look like a pancake when viewed from the side mostly found in air sacs of lungs, kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels cuboidal--cube or rounded cells (about as tall as are wide) major function is secretion but may also be involved in absorption line the ducts of many glands has round shaped nucleus which stains very darkly

8 columnar--cylindrical cells (tall and column shaped)
Lab 2-Tissues columnar--cylindrical cells (tall and column shaped) tall cell with oval shaped nucleus mostly associated with absorption, secretion of enzymes and mucous, and movement of materials (ciliated cells) line the stomach, small and large intestines and a few ducts these tissues may also have microvilli, cilia, or goblet cells (secrete mucus--a thick fluid which lubricates tissues and traps bacteria, viruses and irritating particles) line small bronchi, uterine tubes

9 Helpful hints: the shape of the nucleus matches the shape of the cell
Lab 2-Tissues Helpful hints: the shape of the nucleus matches the shape of the cell remember this when you are trying to identify the type of epithelial cell cell membranes don’t stain well so you may not see them. Count the number of cells by looking for the cell nucleus

10 Connective Tissue Lab 2-Tissues
found everywhere in the body Major functions: 1. Binding and support 2. Protection 3. Insulation/storage of fat 4. Transportation of substances within the body

11 Types of Connective tissue:
Lab 2-Tissues Has comparatively few cells and a lot of non-living matter (called the matrix) Types of Connective tissue: Fibrous-connects various body parts; provides strength, support and flexibility consists of several types of fibers: Collagen--provides strength and slight flexibility Elastic--very flexible; can stretch without breaking Reticular--serves as framework for some organs; fiber flexibility is between elastic and collagen fibers

12 Areolar or Loose connective tissue most common type
Lab 2-Tissues Fibrous connective tissues are subclassified according to the density and arrangement of their fibers: Areolar or Loose connective tissue most common type contains collagen fibers and elastic fibers in an irregular pattern; is very flexible but not strong usually found below the skin, between muscles, and around nerves and organs

13 specialized for fat storage
Lab 2-Tissues Adipose (Fat) tissue specialized for fat storage has few connective tissue fibers; primarily made up of fat cells (large, round cells which look empty but really contain an oil droplet which takes up most of the cell and pushes the nucleus to one side) Primary role is energy storage also acts as a shock absorber and as an insulator forms a protective layer around internal organs Found below skin, around various organs, and around certain muscles

14 Dense White Fibrous Connective Tissue
Lab 2-Tissues Dense White Fibrous Connective Tissue fibers are densely packed and run in the same direction is very strong when stress is in the same direction as the fibers run has few blood vessels functions to bind, protect and connect primarily attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles, bones to bones usually found in tendons, ligaments and joint capsules

15 Is a specialized connective tissue
Lab 2-Tissues Hyaline Cartilage Is a specialized connective tissue consists primarily of densely packed collagen fibers which contain water Because of the high water content, cartilage provides firm support, cushioning and flexibility Found at the connection of the ribs to the sternum, covering of bones at moveable joints, the tip of the nose

16 REMINDER Lab 2-Tissues There are 7 slides--3 epithelial, 4 connective tissue Start with the 4x lens, however you will not see actual tissue until you reach the 40x lens You will likely need to move the slides around to find the tissue you want to draw. Slides may contain a variety of tissue types. The lung slide has simple, squamous epithelial tissue the white fibrous tissue slide has dense connective tissue Use the color photos on the charts in the back of the room to help you identify the slides

17 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (also known as SKIN)
Functions: --outer covering of the body protects from dehydration protects from injury protects against invasion by bacteria and viruses helps regulate body temperature synthesizes vitamin D Sensory awareness: receptors for touch, vibration, pain and temperature provide information about the environment

18 epidermis: outermost layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Lab 2-Tissues Skin consists of epidermis: outermost layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue made up of 5 sub-layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale layers most epidermal cells are keratinocytes. Scattered among these in the deepest layers are melanocytes which give the skin its color

19 Lab 2-Tissues Dermis: inner layer of fibrous connective tissue and all structures embedded within it composed of two sub-layers this layer “binds” the body together richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

20 Lab 2-Tissues Hypodermis: supportive layer consisting of loose connective tissue containing fat cells also called subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia anchors the skin to underlying structures (primarily muscles) is flexible so the skin can move and bend its fat cells insulate against excessive heat loss and cushion against injury

21 Appendages of the Skin Sweat glands Ceruminous or wax glands
Lab 2-Tissues Appendages of the Skin Sweat glands Ceruminous or wax glands Sebaceous or oil glands Hairs are flexible strands produced by hair follicles that consist largely of dead, keratinized cells Nails: a scale like modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the ends of fingers and toes

22 REMINDER, page 1 Lab 2-Tissues
1. All skin identification questions will be based on the model; you will not need to identify any skin slides for the practical exams. There are "answer keys" next to the models however they tend to use the Latin names of the structure and may be confusing to you. The answer keys may have been moved and may no longer be next to the correct model. It may be easier to use pictures in the text, lab manual, or on charts to help you identify structures.

23 REMINDER, page 2 Lab 2-Tissues
2. Do not do any of the activities on page 34.


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