1. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Structural context New/fragile democracy Poor citizenship Large economic/social differences Large political differences x policy decisions Myth of roads as democratic per se Privatization of public space Building of “middle class cities”

2. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Current conditions (SPMA) Institucional: uncoordinated actions/conflict Economic: lack of public resources? Political: strong political power at local level no clear metropolitan power Technical: low-quality transport services Environmental: severe threats

3. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Current mobility conditions (SPMA) Mobility ratio - 1:2.5 (low - high income) Immobility in low-income families: 50% (work/school trips only) Poor accessibility to PT (monetary-physical) High congestion/pollution/accidents

4. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO.

5. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Bus speeds PM: 12 km/h Excess cost for buses due to congestion: 16%

6. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Comparative costs of a 10-km urban trip by 3 modes 0.61.81.2Direct cost (R$) 162043Total time 141825Running time 006Waiting time 2212 Trip time (minutes) Walking time (both ends) MotoAutoBus Transport mode Time/cost

7. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Impact of transfering bus passengers to/from other modes -7,610813Road area -5,88511Transport cost -8,510415Total Energy -10,4355417Local Pollutants -19,0241632Gasoline 20% back to bus 10% to auto + 10% to moto 20% to moto 20% to auto Item Change (%) for a change in demand of

8. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Impact of transfering bus passengers to/from modes

9. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Policy assumptions Democracy/transparency are key issues Roads are public assets PT is a public service There are several competing demands Equity and/or efficiency?

10. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO The sustainability issue Environmental, economic and social How to balance all three? From ¨problem¨ to ¨issue¨: who supports? Sustainability for whom?

11. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Proposals 1) Structural enhance/protect democracy promote discussion on the issues reduce educational/income disparities control and change urban growth ensure institutional/policy coordination recapture roads as public assets

12. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Technical and operational Main characteristics to analyse Political support x conflicts How social groups and classes see proposals Costs – public and private Time to implement: short, medium, long Operational viability Effectiveness: low, medium, high

13. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO 2) Technical and operational Ensure good traffic management (viable, low-cost, short-term, highly effective, high support) Reduce emissions Restrictions for new vehicles trucks/motorcycles/buses Mandatory inspections On-street emission control (trucks)

14. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO New NMT and public transport systems Friendly and customized services High quality and less pollutant vehicles (CNG, hybrid, hydrogen) Modern control technologies Effective priority: bus lanes and corridors Integration and information High quality NMT:infrastructure, signing, comfort

15. PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Automobile use Increase property taxes and parking costs Restrictions ¨Even-odd¨ schemes (limited) Area restrictions (urban consequences) Road charging (equity/control problems)