1. The Renaissance

2. The image above is a Greek statue that became very popular during the Renaissance Greek and Roman art became popular during the Renaissance due to its focus on the human body. Many artists developed the same style as ancient Greek and Roman artists. These artists were known as Humanists.

3. There were several “Crusades” towards the end of the Middle Ages. The Crusades were a series of “Holy” wars, perpetrated by the Pope and the Catholic army (1096-1272 approx). The goal of the Crusades were to stop the spread of Islam.

4. Along with the Catholic army many merchants travelled to the Middle East These merchants began to trade with local merchants. These merchants brought back spices, silks, fine cottons and exotic jewellery. They made vast sums of money back in Europe. With this money merchants built huge homes and invested in “cultural” projects

5. With this new interest in “culture,” many people began devoting more time to the arts and to science. People began to think for themselves, instead of blindly obeying authority. People began seeking explanations for their beliefs. This new way of thinking led to the start of the Renaissance (re-birth).

6. Renaissance was a change of ideas, beliefs, and practices. The Renaissance began in the late 14 th century, in Italy. The causes were: 1) ongoing crusades 2) famines and epidemics 3) new interest in art, culture and science

7. Major centers of the Renaissance

8. The people responsible for the Renaissance were : 1. Artists: daVinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, etc 2. Scholars : Erasmus, Descartes, Pascal 3. Philosophers: Luther, Calvin, More These groups of people were tired of society favouring a few. Tired of societies' restrictions (rules)

9. This is the name that is given to those artists, scientists and philosophers responsible for the new ideas of the Renaissance. Humanists believed that humans were the center of the world and were born free. They also believed that people should enjoy the beauty around them, rather then focus on preparing for the afterlife. Had a positive outlook rather then the dark attitude of the Middle ages.

10. Most humanist ideas were expressed through art. During this period artists focused on the beauty of nature and the human body. This is very similar to the ancient Greeks They developed the technique of perspective (3 dimensional) and sfumato (makes paintings hazy to soften to lines).

11. Scientists studied the human body and its complexity. Scientists wanted to understand the body. They rejected the religious idea that the body is just a vessel into the afterlife. This new craving for knowledge prompted scientists to study many more topics. During the Middle Ages this need for knowledge didn’t exist. Science was seen as opposition to the church during the Middle Ages.

12. Humanists rejected the controlling nature of the Catholic church. Humanists wanted a reform of the church. They wanted high clergy to follow a life of poverty rather then that of a noble. Bible to be printed in local languages, rather then Latin only. Stop corrupt practices: selling indulgences and unsupervised local priests.

13. The humanists placed humans at the center of their beliefs and practices rather than God. They rediscovered the works of ancient Greek philosophers and their ideas of freedom. Promoted reason, progress, tolerance, peace, knowledge, and individual growth.

14. The development of the movable type (1450) and the printing press (1455) by Johannes Gutenberg, allowed for the spread of humanist ideas. This new invention reduced the cost of written works. It also allowed written documents to reach many more people.

15. Humanist ideas also paved the way for science to brake free from the church. During the Renaissance scientists began dissecting corpses, once forbidden by the church. This led to major discoveries in medicine. Scientists also created various instruments and mathematical theories.

16. 1. Invention of concave lenses for myopia (1440) 2. Discovery of blood circulation (1543) 3. Discovery of pulmonary circulation (1553)

17. 1. Addition (+) and subtraction (-) signs (1490) 2. Square root (1525) 3. Equal sign (=) (1557)

18. 1. Microscope (1604) 2. Refracting telescope (1610) 3. Reflecting telescope (1668)

19. 1. Thermometer (1593) 2. Calculator (1642) 3. Barometer (1643)

20. Christendom refers to the organizations of the Catholic church and all of its followers. Humanists believed that the structure of the church should be reformed (change). Humanists believed that there was corruption and unjust practices in the church. Their biggest complaints were the selling of indulgences and church officials living the life of nobles (rich, unchaste).

21. Humanists wanted the bible translated into local languages. In 1517 Pope Leo X began to sell indulgences to help fund the building of St. Peter’s Basilica. This outraged many, in particular a German monk named Martin Luther. Luther wrote his famous 95 Theses, ideas to reform the church. He nailed this document the door of a church in Germany.

22. For his actions the church had Luther excommunicated (kicked out). Luther decided to start his own church, free from the corruption of the Catholic church. Luther’s actions prompted others like him to start their own churches. John Calvin and King Henry VIII created Calvinism and Anglican Religion.

23. The followers of these new religions were given the name “Protestants” This was due to their “protest” against the church. Those who remained loyal to the church took the name “Catholics”

24. There were major differences between these two religious groups. Protestants prayed to God and Jesus only. There was no devotion to Mary or the saints. Protestants believed that access to heaven was through faith only. Catholics also believed in religious works (confession, charity)

25. There was equality in the Protestant church. No hierarchy or wealthy clergy. All members of the Protestant church had access to a bible in a local language. All Protestants were encouraged to read and interpret the Bible. Catholics were not. Protestants only had two sacraments baptism and communion. Protestant churches were very simple. Catholic churches were usually luxurious.

26. The success of the Protestant movement, forced the Church to make changes. In 1545 Pope Paul III assembled high ranking church officials in Trent, Italy. The council has since been called the Council of Trent. The Council lasted for 18 years. The purpose was to discuss Church reform.

27. Bishops had to live in their dioceses and supervise local priests. Live a life of poverty. Colleges founded to educate new priests. Official version of the Bible was produced, in Latin. The Inquisition, a council to prosecute heretics (non-believers) New religious orders were founded to help spread Catholicism.

28. New religious orders that were created were: Ursulines, Capuchins and Jesuits.

29. The hope for the Council of Trent was to implement reforms that would restore trust in the church. However, these reforms proved to be the final separation between Catholics and Protestants. The reforms of the counter reformation did slow (stopped in some areas) the spread of Protestantism.

30. The Protestant reformation was not the first division of the Christian church. In 1054 the Eastern Christians split with the church to from the Orthodox Church. By the end of the 16 th century there were three major branches of Christianity; Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox.

31. With the spread of Protestant churches prompted many Catholics to react with violence. In 1618 Emperor Charles V (HRE) declared war on Protestants. The war ended in 1648. It is named the “Thirty Years War.” In 1575 in France Catholics killed over 3000 protestants. This is known as the St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre