1. EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE

2. What new states grew in the western Roman empire?  Ostrogoths – Italy  Franks – parts of Germany, Switzerland, northern France  Burgundians – central France  Visigoths – Spain  Vandals – north Africa  Angles, Saxons – England

3. How was Germanic society different from Roman society?  Tribal society  Warriors owed duty to the chief  Chief’s hall was the tribal center

4. How was Germanic society different from Roman society?  No written laws  Unwritten laws and customs  No public government service  No sense of citizenship  Society based on personal ties and loyalties  Pagan, not Christian

5. Who was Clovis?  King of the Franks  496: Converted to Christianity – the first barbarian invader to do so  511: Completed unification of Franks under his rule  Began alliance between Frankish kings and Catholic church  Franks forced conquered peoples to convert

6. Where did Christianity survive in the West?  Christianity survived in pockets everywhere  Christianity survived in Italy Popes in Rome Conversion of the Ostrogoths  Christianity continued among the Celts Britons, Scots, Picts on the north-west edge of the Roman Empire

7. What is monasticism?  Monasticism is the practice of men and women living in communities away from civilization  Devoted their lives to prayer and work  Began in Egypt in the 4 th. Century St. Antony (c. 251-356)  Ideas and teachings brought west by St. John Cassian (c. 350-435)

8. Who was St. Benedict?  St. Benedict (c. 480-550) was an Italian who wrote a Rule for monks living together in monasteries Became the basic model for the whole of western Europe  Benedictine monasteries became the main vehicle for converting Germanic tribes  Acted as libraries and schools – preserved books

9. Pope Gregory the Great  Established the medieval papacy Exerted religious control over western Europe Took over the management of the city of Rome Dealt and negotiated with Germanic tribes Encouraged Benedictine monasticism  Sent Benedictine monks as missionaries to England

10. The Islamic Invasion  711-718: Arab armies conquered the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal)  Threat to the whole of Europe  732: battle of Tours Muslims driven back into Spain by Charles Martel

11. How did the government of the Franks change?  Charles Martel was major domo of the Frankish king In charge of the royal household The major domo came to be the real ruler of the Franks  His son was made king of the Franks by the Pope  His grandson was Charlemagne – Charles the Great

12. What were the main achievements of Charlemagne?  King of the Franks, 771-814  Conquered large parts of Germany and northern Spain  Forcibly converted the conquered to Christianity  United most of western Europe within his kingdom  800: crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope

13. What were the main achievements of Charlemagne?  The encouragement of Benedictine monasticism Common practices established for monasteries across the empire  Encouragement of learning Alcuin, an English Benedictine, in charge of schools

14. What was the Holy Roman Empire?  Pope claimed to have re-created the Roman Empire in the west  A Christian empire, with a Christian ruler  Holy Roman Emperor claimed to be the overlord of other European rulers  Led finally to conflict between emperors and popes, emperors and other rulers

15. How was Charlemagne’s empire divided?  Treaty of Verdun, 843, between Charlemagne’s grandsons Charles the Bald took France Louis the German took Germany Lothair took a central kingdom including Italy; and the title of Holy Roman Emperor