1. Testing
A definition of a “language test” is a tool for measuring language performance in learners (Bachman, L., and Palmer, A. 1997)

2. The Principles Towards Creating Intrinsically Motivating Tests
The principle of giving students advance preparation
The principle of face validity
The principle of authenticity
The principle of "washback“

3. Some Practical Steps to Test Construction
Test toward clear, unambiguous objectives
Draft your test.
Revise your test.
Utilize your feedback after administering the test.
Work for washback.

4. Types of Tests and Testing
Generally we distinguish the following categories of tests:
Progress test/achievement test
Proficiency test
Diagnostic tests
Placement tests

5. Testing Communicative Skills
Testing speaking skills
Testing listening skills
Testing reading skills
Testing writing skills

6. Testing Techniques Gap-fill Cloze Multiple choice
Matching (pictures, words, sentence pieces, labels, etc.)
Sentence transformation
Sentence construction and reconstruction
Two-option answers
Information transfer
Ordering tasks (sequencing)
Editing

7. Testing Language Means
Testing Grammar
Testing Vocabulary
Testing Phonology

8. Advantages of Good Testing
Tests can increase motivation as they serve as milestones of student progress.
Tests can spur learners to set goals for themselves, both before and after a test.
Tests can aid the retention of information through the feedback they give on learners' competence.
Tests can provide a sense of periodic closure to various units and modules curriculum.
Tests can encourage students' self-evaluation of their progress.
Tests can promote student autonomy as they confirm areas of strength and areas needing further work.
Tests can aid in evaluating teaching effectiveness.