1. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 1 of 23 Introduction to Functional Groups From a distance, the musicians in an orchestra may look alike, but each musician contributes a unique sound. In a similar way, one hydrocarbon is nearly identical to another until it picks up a functional group. You will learn how functional groups determine the character of organic compounds. 23.1

2. Slide 2 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups. 23.1

3. Slide 3 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > functional group- is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.

4. Slide 4 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Ref. Table R 23.1

5. Slide 5 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups The hydrocarbon skeletons in the components of these products are chemically similar. Functional groups give each product unique properties and uses. 23.1

6. Slide 6 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents A halocarbon is a carbon-containing compound with a halogen substituent. 23.1

7. Slide 7 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain are called alkyl halides.

8. Slide 8 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring are called aryl halides. 23.1

9. Slide 9 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents The figure below shows the IUPAC names, structural formulas, and space-filling models for three simple hydrocarbons. 23.1

10. Slide 10 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents 23.1

11. Slide 11 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents 23.1

12. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Slide 12 of 23 Substitution Reactions How may halocarbons be prepared? 23.1

13. Slide 13 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkane to produce a halocarbon. 23.1

14. Slide 14 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > A common type of organic reaction is a substitution reaction, in which an atom, or a group of atoms, replaces another atom or group of atoms.

15. Slide 15 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions A Generalized Equation and a Specific One 23.1

16. Slide 16 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions Treating benzene with a halogen in the presence of a catalyst causes the substitution of a hydrogen atom in the ring. 23.1

17. Slide 17 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions Halogens on carbon chains are readily displaced by hydroxide ions to produce an alcohol and a salt. The general reaction is as follows. 23.1

18. Slide 18 of 23 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions Halocarbons also undergo substitution reactions. 23.1

19. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 19 of 23 23.1 Section Quiz. 1. Organic molecules are classified according to their

20. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 20 of 23 23.1 Section Quiz 2. What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound CH 2 BrCH 2 CH 2 Br?

21. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 21 of 23 23.1 Section Quiz 3. Which reaction will produce a halocarbon? a.hydrogenation of an alkyl halide b.substitution reaction of a halogen with an alkane c.reaction of potassium hydroxide with an aryl halide d.reaction of sodium hydroxide with an alkyl halide

22. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 22 of 23 23.1 Section Quiz 4. In a substitution reaction, one of the products formed when CH 3 CH 2 Br and OH- ions react is

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