1. Chemistry
Ions

2. Section 6 Definitions Valence Electrons
Lewis (Electron) Dot Structures
Octet Rule
Cation
Anion
Halide Ion

3. How High Are You?
Elements in a group behave similarly because of VALENCE ELECTRONS
Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element’s atoms
For representatives, the GROUP # indicates the # of v. e.
Example: Group 2A has two v.e.’s, all in the s sublevel
Group 4A? 7A?

4. For group A elements, LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES show v.e.’s as dots

5. Write the symbol of the element Count the number of valence electrons
When drawing Lewis Dot Structures…
Write the symbol of the element
Count the number of valence electrons
Put a dot for each valence electron the element has around the symbol in the north, south, east, and west position
There must be one dot in each position before you can start pairing them
For now, there can only be a maximum of 2 at each position for a max of 8 total

6. Draw the Lewis Dot Structures for the following elements
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Sulfur
Argon
Bromine

7. Great Eight Total # of e- that can be in s and p sublevels?8
OCTET RULE: When forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve noble gas e- configuration
General noble gas e- configuration is ns2np6
Other elements can’t be the noble gases, but can be like them
Have a pseudo noble gas configuration (p.n.g.c)
Elements will lose or gain electrons to achieve p.n.g.c
Elements will take shortest path to NEAREST noble gas

8. Meow
Cations form when metals lose one or more electrons to attain pseudo noble gas configuration
Losing electrons, or negative particles, makes the element more positive
The name of the cation that forms is simply the element’s name followed by “ion”
Ex. Na loses one electron  Na+ or the sodium ion (that’s the name)
Ex. Ca loses two electrons  Ca2+ or the calcium ion

9. Most metals in the representative element group are easy to predict
Transition metals not as predictable
Iron (Fe) can lose two or three electrons, forming Fe2+ or Fe3+
There are exceptions to the octet rule but they won’t be covered

10. Gimme Gimme
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to attain pseudo noble gas configuration
Gaining electrons makes the element more negative
Name of anion typically ends in –ide
Example: Chlorine gains one electron  Cl- or the chloride ion
Br - is bromide ion, O2- is oxide ion
Anions from group 7A are called HALIDE IONS

11. Oxidation/Reduction
Elements found naturally have already given or taken electrons to become noble-like
Elements can be extracted and “saturated” with electrons to make them neutral again
Ca = 20 p+ and 20 e- will be neutral
These “pure” elements will then try to become like the nobles again
An element that has lost an electron has become “oxidized”
An element that has GAINED an electron has become “reduced”

12. Section 6 Assignment PG 193 Questions 3-7, 9-10
Also, tell me how many electrons they lose/gain, the symbol and name for the ion the following elements will form
Magnesium
Aluminum
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Rubidium
Nitrogen
Lithium
Fluorine
Potassium