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Biosphere Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Figure 4-2b Page 57 Organisms
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Levels of organization interaction.
Click to view animation. Animation
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(a) Eukaryotic Cell Energy conversion Nucleus (information storage)
Cell membrane (transport of raw materials and finished products) Protein construction Figure 4-3a Page 58 Packaging
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(b) Prokaryotic Cell DNA (information storage, no nucleus)
Cell membrane (transport of raw materials and finished products) Protein construction and energy conversion occur without specialized internal structures Figure 4-3b Page 58
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Known species 1,412,000 Other animals 281,000 Fungi 69,000
Insects 751,000 Prokaryotes 4,800 Plants 248,400 Protists 57,700 Figure 4-4 Page 58
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(crust, top of upper mantle)
Oceanic crust Continental crust Vegetation and animals Biosphere Lithosphere Upper mantle Soil Crust Asthenosphere Rock Lower mantle Core Mantle Crust (soil and rock) Biosphere (Living and dead organisms) Atmosphere (air) Figure 4-7 Page 60 Lithosphere (crust, top of upper mantle) Hydrosphere (water)
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Heat in the environment
Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat Figure 4-8 Page 60
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Solar radiation Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) UV radiation Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) Lower stratosphere (ozone layer) Visible light Greenhouse effect Absorbed by ozone Troposphere Heat Absorbed by the earth Heat radiated by the earth Earth Figure 4-9 Page 61
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Click to view animation.
Sun to earth animation. Click to view animation. Animation
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Average annual precipitation
Coastal chaparral and scrub Coniferous forest Desert Coniferous forest Prairie grassland Deciduous forest Appalachian Mountains Mississippi River Valley Great Plains Rocky Mountains Great American Desert Sierra Nevada Mountains Coastal mountain ranges 15,000 ft 10,000 ft 5,000 ft Average annual precipitation cm (40-50 in.) cm (30-40 in.) 50-75 cm (20-30 in.) 25-50 cm (10-20 in.) Below 25 cm (0-10 in.) Figure 4-10 Page 62
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Producers (rooted plants)
Sun Producers (rooted plants) Producers (phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (fish) Dissolved chemicals Tertiary consumers (turtles) Sediment Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Figure 4-11 Page 63
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Soluble mineral nutrients
Oxygen (O2) Sun Producer Carbon dioxide (CO2) Secondary consumer (fox) Primary consumer (rabbit) Producers Falling leaves and twigs Precipitation Soil decomposers Soluble mineral nutrients Water Figure 4-12 Page 63
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The role of organisms in an ecosystem
Click to view animation. Animation
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Abundance of organisms
Population Size Low High Temperature Zone of intolerance physiological stress Optimum range No organisms Few Lower limit of tolerance Abundance of organisms Upper limit Figure 4-13 Page 64
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Sugar Maple Figure 4-14 Page 64
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or the Organic Wastes of (rabbits, zooplankton)
Soil and water nutrients Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Break down organic matter for recycling Consumers Feeding on Dead Organisms or the Organic Wastes of Living Organisms Producers (plants and phytoplankton) Consumers Feeding on Living Organisms Scavengers (vultures, hyenas) Detritus Feeders (crabs, termites) Primary Consumers Feeding on Producers (rabbits, zooplankton) Secondary & Higher Consumers Feeding on Other Consumers (foxes, turtles, hawks) Figure 4-15 Page 66
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Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil
Detritus feeders Decomposers Bark beetle engraving Carpenter ant galleries Termite and carpenter ant work Long-horned beetle holes Dry rot fungus Wood reduced to powder Mushroom Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil Time progression Figure 4-16 Page 66
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Heat Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Solar energy Decomposers (bacteria, fungus) Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Figure 4-17 Page 67
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Matter recycling and energy flow animation.
Click to view animation. Animation
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(decomposers and detritus feeders)
First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Heat Heat Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Figure 4-18 Page 68
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Prairie trophic levels interaction.
Click to view animation. Animation
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Figure 4-19 Page 69 Humans Blue whale Sperm whale Killer whale
Elephant seal Crabeater seal Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adélie penguins Petrel Squid Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Figure 4-19 Page 69 Krill Phytoplankton
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Heat Tertiary consumers (human) Decomposers 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Primary consumers (zooplankton) 1,000 10,000 Usable energy available at each tropic level (in kilocalories) Producers (phytoplankton) Figure 4-20 Page 70
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© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Decomposers/detritivores
Top carnivores Decomposers/detritivores 21 Carnivores 5,060 383 Herbivores 3,368 Producers 20,810 Figure 4-21 Page 70
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Growth and reproduction
Sun Photosynthesis Energy lost & unavailable to consumers Respiration Gross primary production Net primary production (energy available to consumers) Growth and reproduction Figure 4-23 Page 71
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Energy flow in Silver Springs animation.
Click to view animation. Animation
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Terrestrial Ecosystems Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr)
Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr) Figure 4-24 Page 72
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Rove beetle Pseudoscorpion Flatworm Centipede Ant Ground beetle Mite Adult fly Roundworms Fly larvae Beetle Mite Springtail Protozoa Millipede Roundworms Bacteria Sowbug Slug Fungi Actinomycetes Snail Mite Earthworm Figure 4-26 Page 74 Organic debris
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Mosaic of closely packed pebbles, boulders Alkaline, dark, and rich in humus Weak humus- mineral mixture Dry, brown to reddish-brown, with variable accumulations of clay, calcium carbonate, and soluble salts Clay, calcium compounds Figure 4-27a Page 75 Desert Soil (hot, dry climate) Grassland Soil (semiarid climate)
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Figure 4-27b Page 75 Forest litter leaf mold Acid litter and humus
Acidic light- colored humus Humus-mineral mixture Light-colored and acidic Light, grayish- brown, silt loam Iron and aluminum compounds mixed with clay Dark brown firm clay Humus and iron and aluminum compounds Tropical Rain Forest Soil (humid, tropical climate) Deciduous Forest Soil (humid, mild climate) Coniferous Forest Soil (humid, cold climate) Figure 4-27b Page 75
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Condensation Rain clouds Transpiration Evaporation Precipitation to land Transpiration from plants Precipitation Precipitation Evaporation from land Evaporation from ocean Runoff Surface runoff (rapid) Precipitation to ocean Infiltration and Percolation Surface runoff (rapid) Groundwater movement (slow) Ocean storage Figure 4-28 Page 76
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Diffusion between atmosphere and ocean
Combustion of fossil fuels Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water photosynthesis aerobic respiration Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores incorporation into sediments death, sedimentation uplifting over geologic time sedimentation Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels Figure 4-29a Page 78
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Figure 4-29b Page 79 Atmosphere (most carbon is in carbon dioxide)
Combustion of fossil fuels volcanic action combustion of wood (for clearing land; or for fuel photosynthesis aerobic respiration Terrestrial rocks Land food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores sedimentation weathering Soil water (dissolved carbon) Peat, fossil fuels death, burial, compaction over geologic time leaching runoff Figure 4-29b Page 79
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Carbon cycle animation.
Click to view animation. Animation
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(billion metric tons of carbon equivalent)
14 13 High projection 12 11 10 Low projection 9 (billion metric tons of carbon equivalent) CO2 emissions from fossil fuel 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 4-30 Page 79 1850 1900 1950 2000 2030 Year
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Figure 4-31 Page 80 Gaseous Nitrogen (N2) in Atmosphere
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Gaseous Nitrogen (N2) in Atmosphere Nitrogen Fixation by industry for agriculture Food Webs On Land uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition uptake by autotrophs Fertilizers Nitrogen Fixation bacteria convert N2 to ammonia (NH3) ; this dissolves to form ammonium (NH4+) Nitrogenous Wastes, Remains In Soil NO3 – in soil Denitrification by bacteria Ammonification bacteria, fungi convert the residues to NH3 , this dissolves to form NH4+ 2. Nitrification bacteria convert NO2- to nitrate (NO3-) NH3, NH4+ in soil 1. Nitrification bacteria convert NH4+ to nitrate (NO2–) loss by leaching NO2 – in soil loss by leaching Figure 4-31 Page 80
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Global nitrogen (N) fixation (trillion grams)
200 150 Global nitrogen (N) fixation (trillion grams) Nitrogen fixation by natural processes 100 Nitrogen fixation by human processes 50 Figure 4-32 Page 81 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year
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Figure 4-33 Page 82 mining FERTILIZER excretion GUANO agriculture
weathering uptake by autotrophs uptake by autotrophs MARINE FOOD WEBS DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER leaching, runoff DISSOLVED IN SOIL WATER, LAKES, RIVERS LAND FOOD WEBS death, decomposition death, decomposition sedimentation settling out weathering uplifting over geologic time ROCKS MARINE SEDIMENTS Figure 4-33 Page 82
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Acidic fog and precipitation
Water Acidic fog and precipitation Sulfur trioxide Sulfuric acid Ammonia Ammonium sulfate Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide Plants Volcano Dimethyl sulfide Industries Animals Ocean Sulfate salts Decaying matter Metallic sulfide deposits Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Figure 4-34 Page 83
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Phosphorus cycle animation.
Click to view animation. Animation
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Phosphorus cycle interaction.
Click to view animation. Animation
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Sulfur cycle animation.
Click to view animation. Animation
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Critical nesting site locations USDA Forest Service Topography
Private owner 1 Private owner 2 Topography Habitat type Forest Wetland Lake Grassland Real world Figure 4-35 Page 84
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© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Define objectives Systems Measurement Identify and inventory variables Obtain baseline data on variables Make statistical analysis of relationships among variables Data Analysis Determine significant interactions System Modeling Construct mathematical model describing interactions among variables System Simulation Run the model on a computer, with values entered for different variables © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning System Optimization Figure 4-36 Page 85 Evaluate best ways to achieve objectives
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Click to view animation.
Energy flow animation. Click to view animation. Animation
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Click to view animation.
Diet of the red fox interaction. Click to view animation. Animation
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Click to view animation.
Categories of food webs interaction. Click to view animation. Animation
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Click to view animation.
Soil profiles interaction. Click to view animation. Animation
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Click to view animation.
Water cycle interaction. Click to view animation. Animation
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Click to view animation.
Nitrogen cycle interaction. Click to view animation. Animation
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Click to view animation.
Hubbard Brook experiment animation. Click to view animation. Animation
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