1. 09/2013 DataMaster DMT Operator Course

2. Contact Information Trisha Conti, PhD Alcohol Program Supervisor trisha.conti@state.vt.us (802) 241-5436 Amanda Bolduc, MFS Forensic Chemist III amanda.bolduc@state.vt.us (802) 241-5300 Rob Driscoll DMT Technician rob.driscoll@state.vt.us (802) 241-5817 Rebecca Mead, MFS Forensic Chemist II rebecca.mead@state.vt.us (802) 241- 5279 Marcella Giammanco Administrative Assistant marcella.giammanco@state.vt.us (802) 241-5282 09/2013

3. Thank You! Thank you to the Vermont Governor’s Highway Safety Program for the funding to purchase the DataMaster DMT’s.

4. 09/2013 Why are we here? To certify Vermont Police Officers in the proper operation of the DataMaster DMT to enable them to obtain an evidential breath sample from a DUI subject.

5. 09/2013

6. General History The DataMaster is an infrared breath testing instrument approved for evidential use in the state of Vermont. Originally developed in the early 1980’s. The BAC DataMaster was installed in Franklin County in 1990 as a test county. Used exclusively Jan 1st 1996.

7. 09/2013 General History The DataMaster DMT was installed in Franklin & Grand Isle Counties in July of 2008. Used exclusively as of December 2010. Oversight of the Blood and Breath Alcohol Program was transferred from the Department of Health Laboratory to the Vermont Forensic Laboratory on March 1, 2012.

8. 09/2013 How many are there? 66 Sites Addison County – 4 Bennington County – 5 Caledonia County – 3 Chittenden County – 11 Essex County – 3 Franklin County – 6 Grand Isle County – 1 Lamoille County – 3 Orange County – 3 Orleans County – 2 Rutland County – 4 Washington County – 6 Windham County – 8 Windsor County – 7

9. 09/2013 The DataMaster DMT

10. 09/2013 The Science Behind the DataMaster Aka Everyone’s Favorite Section

11. 09/2013 What are we doing? Ethanol is volatile Readily moves from liquid to air Readily moves from blood to breath The DataMaster measures the concentration of ethanol in breath Less invasive than drawing blood

12. 09/2013 Henry’s Law In a closed system, at a given temperature, there is a fixed ratio between the concentration of a volatile in a liquid and in the air above the liquid. Ethanol in air Ethanol in liquid Therefore, the ethanol concentration in the blood is at equilibrium with the ethanol concentration in the breath.

13. 09/2013 Infrared Spectroscopy IR energy is one small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum typically felt as heat. Infrared (night vision) goggles makes heat visible by using various colors for different temperatures.

14. 09/2013

15. IR energy and EtOH In a molecule atoms are held together by bonds When subjected to IR energy of the correct frequency the bonds will move from one vibrational state to the next highest DataMaster targets the C-H bond in the methyl group

16. 09/2013 Infrared Absorption Different molecules absorb IR energy differently Different IR “fingerprints” exist for different compounds The “fingerprints” allow the DataMaster to be specific for ethanol

17. 09/2013 3.50 microns Partial EtOH Fingerprint

18. 09/2013

19. Beer-Lambert Law The Beer-Lambert law states that there is a direct relationship between the concentration of a substance and the amount of infrared energy it absorbs. The DataMaster can measure the amount of ethanol in a breath sample by detecting how much IR energy reaches the detector.

20. 09/2013 Beer-Lambert Law The more ethanol present in the breath, the more infrared energy is absorbed, the less IR energy that reaches the detector.

21. 09/2013 Quantitation The DataMaster is calibrated with a sample of known concentration Known concentration = known absorption

22. 09/2013 Quantitation IR energy absorbed by the KNOWN sample is compared to IR energy of UNKNOWN sample From this comparison the alcohol concentration of the unknown can be determined

23. 09/2013 External Components

24. 09/2013 External Components Simulator Touch Screen Keyboard Stylus Breath Tube Serial Number Label

25. 09/2013 Back Panel

26. 09/2013 Simulator

27. 09/2013 Internal Components

28. 09/2013 Processor Board Temperature Monitoring Cable

29. 09/2013 Internal Components LABELED PHOTO OF INTERNAL COMPONENTS IR Source Detector Block Sample Chamber 5-Way Valve Simulator Tubes In/Out Flow Sensor Communication Board Pump Inlet Block

30. 09/2013 DataMaster Optical Bench

31. 09/2013 Breath Analysis

32. 09/2013 Quality Control Measures Before analysis is begun the DMT: – Checks its components for function – Checks the detector response – Monitors its heated zones Adjusts baseline to room air

33. 09/2013 Quality Control Measures Blank tests are run at the beginning of the test sequence and after vapors are introduced. – Blank tests are run after a purge cycle to ensure the sample chamber is free of alcohol. – Acceptable results will read 0.000.

34. 09/2013 Quality Control Measures The Calibration Check in the DMT is a quartz plate. – The calibration check is run to confirm the stability of the calibration. – An acceptable result for the calibration check will display PASSED.

35. 09/2013 Quality Control Measures An artificial breath sample is provided by the simulator and is analyzed as a control sample. This will be reported as the Simulator Vapor with a result indicated on all reports. – A simulator solution at an approximate ethanol concentration of 0.100 is used. – The DMT has an acceptance range of +/- 5% of the certified value for the simulator vapor. – The testing process will continue after an acceptable simulator vapor reading.

36. 09/2013 Proper and Improper Breath Samples

37. 09/2013

38. Mouth Alcohol vs. Deep Lung Air DMT is designed to sample deep lung air The human body is not a closed system Therefore, the air in the bottom of the lungs will be closest in concentration to that found in the blood. We want to sample the air closest to the blood, highest in concentration. Air in the upper portion of the lungs is constantly being diluted by room air and is biased low.

39. 09/2013 How do we know? DataMaster reads the sample every 0.25 second. When deep lung air is sampled a plateau is reached rather than a sharp increase. Time (sec.) BrAC Normal Breath

40. 09/2013 What is Mouth Alcohol? Mouth Alcohol is alcohol that is not a reflection of the alcohol in the blood Drinking or rinsing with alcohol, some remains in the mouth. Vomiting, if there is alcohol in the stomach may leave mouth alcohol.

41. 09/2013 How do we know? The same methods it uses to know that it is reading deep lung air enables it to see mouth alcohol. Time (sec.) BrAC Mouth Alcohol Assume beer is 5.0% alcohol. The legal limit is 0.08%. The high EtOH concentration in the beer causes the peak to overshoot the concentration in the breath. The DMT detects this and declares it an “Invalid Sample”.

42. 09/2013 Preventing Mouth Alcohol 15 Minute Observation Period (nothing into the mouth, nothing out) Most Studies show that mouth alcohol dissipates within 10-12 minutes, so 15 minutes is more than enough to ensure that no mouth alcohol will be present in the breath sample.

43. 09/2013 Substances Other Than EtOH How would other substances be present? Diabetics and fasting people may produce acetone in their bodies in small amounts. Alcoholics have been known to ingest other alcohols besides ethanol. Rubbing alcohol (Isopropanol), Wood alcohol (Methanol). Both are very toxic to humans. Inhaling volatile substances which remain on the breath and absorb IR.

44. 09/2013 How do we know? Different Substances have different IR “fingerprints”. The DMT uses multiple filters at different wavelengths to look for ethanol. Ethanol generates characteristic peaks at these wavelengths which differentiate it from other substances. If the DMT detects a ratio inconsistent with ethanol it will report “Interference” rather than a BrAC numerical result. You will have to get a blood sample.

45. 09/2013 Wow! That was fascinating but what do I need to do?

46. 09/2013 After the stop… After the SFSTs… Back at the Station…

47. 09/2013 Clear the screen saver then… Touch RUN on the screen

48. 09/2013

49. Screen shot of DUI or Check-In ?? screen

50. 09/2013 DUI vs. Check-In Confirmation For all suspected DUI subjects, you will select DUI If a subject fails a PBT during a Check-In and needs a confirmation test, select CHECK-IN Each selection will lead to a subject information entry screen.

51. 09/2013 Taking The DUI Test Select the DUI box from the “Type of Test” window.

52. 09/2013 Check the mouth for Foreign Objects This can be as simple as asking “Do you have anything in your mouth?” DON’T STICK YOUR FINGERS IN THEIR MOUTH!!!

53. 09/2013 Yes, tongue piercings are foreign objects. No, they don’t need to be removed. Logan & Gullberg, 1997 - found no effect from mouth jewelry Yes, dentures are foreign objects. No, they don’t need to be removed. Harding, McMurray. Lassig, et al. 1993 - found no effect from dentures

54. 09/2013 Some people will put foreign objects in their mouth in an attempt to “beat the test.” Pennies, match heads, mints, garlic, etc.

55. 09/2013 15 Minute Observation The DMT has a built in 15 minute observation timer which must be completed before a DUI test can be performed. You may begin the 15 minute timer before you press the RUN button. If you do not start the timer before you press the RUN button, you will be prompted to start it once all the subject information has been entered.

56. 09/2013

57. 15 Minute Observation AKA: 15 minute deprivation period. (Nothing in, nothing out) We need to ensure that no mouth alcohol is present. Mouth Alcohol BrAC Time (sec.)

58. 09/2013 What do you mean by “Observing”? That’s up to your discretion. You, the officer, must be comfortable saying that you observed them for 15 minutes and are confident that the subject did not ingest or regurgitate alcohol. Observing does not necessarily mean keeping eye contact for 15 minutes but neither does it mean that you ignore them for 15 minutes while you go somewhere else.

59. 09/2013 15 Minute Observation Clock If you need to restart the 15 minute timer for any reason (ex. burp, belch, vomit, etc.) you will be prompted to enter a reason for restart. This can be as simple as “Subject Vomited”. You may enter as many as 40 characters. Whatever you enter will be printed on the DUI Ticket.

60. 09/2013 vomited

61. 09/2013 What if they want to Speak to a lawyer? Observation time is started prior to asking this question on the processing form. Restart the 15 minute timer and leave the reason why on screen. When they are finished speaking to the attorney enter “spoke to attorney” as the reason for restart and hit ok.

62. 09/2013 Timer Nearing Completion Officer: “Have you burped, belched or vomited in the last 15 minutes?” Subject: “No” Proceed with the test. Officer: “Have you burped, belched or vomited in the last 15 minutes?” Subject: “Yes” Restart the observation period. If this keeps happening it may be considered a refusal. A person can refuse through their actions as well as through their words.

63. 09/2013 Many agencies videotape their processing. Remember that others will watch your observation period. Will it seem valid to others? You must be able to defend it!

64. 09/2013

65. Screen shot of DUI subject information entry screen

66. 09/2013 Screen shot of DUI subject information entry screen

67. 09/2013 Screen shot of DUI subject information entry screen

68. 09/2013 Screen shot of DUI subject information entry screen

69. 09/2013 Taking The Test Once all the subject information is entered, press OK to continue. A box will pop up which says “Review Data? Yes or No”. Select Yes, this will bring you back to the data entry screen. Ensure that all of the information is correct. Press OK to continue. The “Review Data?” box will pop up again, this time select No.

70. 09/2013 Review data screen shot

71. 09/2013 Taking The Test Once you have entered and reviewed your data, the DMT will remain idle until the 15 minute timer is satisfied. If you did not start the timer before the data entry screen, a box will pop up saying “Start Timer?” Press OK to start the timer. The DMT will then go through a series of system checks.

72. 09/2013 System Checks Purge Ambient Zeroing Blank Test Calibration Check Simulator Vapor Purge Ambient Zeroing Blank Test  0.000  PASSED  ~0.100 +/- 5%  0.000

73. 09/2013

74. Taking The Test The instrument will then prompt “Subject take test? Yes or No”. – If you press N (a refusal) a box will pop up with two options, Refusal or Incapable.

75. 09/2013 Taking The Test – If the subject refuses, select Refusal. – If the subject is physically incapable, select Incapable. In this instance, the subject may be offered an evidentiary blood test. – Once you select Refusal or Incapable, another box will pop up asking for the reason. You may type in a reason why the subject did not take the test. All Refusals must be documented this way.

76. 09/2013

77. Refusal or incapable

78. 09/2013 Reason for refusal screen shot CALIBRATI

79. 09/2013

82. Taking The Test When the instrument prompts “Will subject take test? Yes or No”. – Press Y, the instrument will then flash “Please Blow” and an intermittent tone will be heard. – Insert a new mouth piece into the breath tube. – Instruct the subject to blow a slow, continuous breath.

83. 09/2013 Taking The Test As the subject meets the minimum flow rate, the tone will become constant. The subject must provide a minimum of 1.5L of air. DO NOT tell the subject to stop blowing even if they surpass 1.5L of air. While the subject is blowing, you will be able to see the breath and alcohol curves in real time.

84. 09/2013 0.0581.5L

85. Taking The Test Once an adequate sample is accepted, immediately remove the mouth piece from the breath tube. The instrument will then purge.

86. 09/2013 Taking The Test Once the sample is analyzed, the DMT will display the subject’s alcohol concentration. The officer will inform the subject of their results and ask if they want a second test. The instrument will prompt “Will subject provide another sample? Yes or No”.

87. 09/2013 0.082 CALIBRATION CHECK

88. 09/2013 Taking A Second Test If No is selected the test sequence ends. If Yes is selected the instrument will again go through it’s quality control tests. Purge Ambient Zeroing Blank Test Calibration Check Simulator Vapor Purge Ambient Zeroing Blank Test

89. 09/2013 Taking A Second Test After the checks are complete the DMT will again prompt “Will subject provide another sample? Yes or No”. – If No is selected, the test sequence ends. – If Yes is selected, a second breath test may be given. The instrument will prompt “Please Blow” and the intermittent tone will be heard. Insert a new mouth piece into the breath tube. Instruct the subject to provide a second sample just as before.

90. 09/2013 CALIBRATION CHECK

91. 09/2013 Paper Work

92. 09/2013 Paperwork Once the test sequence is complete, three copies of the ticket will be printed. Verify all information and results are correct One copy is for the State’s Attorney, one for the arresting officer, and one for the subject.

93. 09/2013

95. Paperwork What about this? – Test 1: 0.119 – Test 2:0.138 Vermont requires one (1) test. Hence there are no requirements that the two tests be within any amount. There is human variability in giving a breath sample Meeting minimum sample acceptance requirements vs. exceeding sample acceptance requirements.

96. 09/2013 Paperwork What about this? – Test 1: 0.073 Continue with your processing. Many agencies have this policy posted by their DataMaster. An alcohol chemist will be contacted for a relation back. Vermont law says “impaired to the slightest degree” in addition to the per se 0.08 limit.

97. Paperwork What about this? – Test 1: 0.102 – Test 2: Error 23 VSA 1202. d(5) A person who is requested by a law enforcement officer to submit to an evidentiary test administered with an infrared breath-testing instrument may elect to have a second infrared test administered immediately after receiving the results of the first test. If a subject requests a second breath test, get them a second test! If you have to go to another agency due to DMT malfunction, get 2 new tests! 09/2013

98. Taking the Check-In Test Select the CHECK-IN box from the “Type of Test” window. Check the subject’s mouth for foreign objects. – Dentures and tongue piercings are okay.

99. 09/2013

100. Taking The Check-In Test Once all the subject information is entered, press OK to continue. A box will pop up which says “Review Data? Yes or No”. Select Yes, this will bring you back to the data entry screen. Ensure that all of the information is correct. Press OK to continue. The “Review Data?” box will pop up again, this time select No.

101. 09/2013

102. Taking The Check-In Test The DMT will then go through a series of self checks. Once all the checks have passed, the DMT will prompt “Please Blow”. Insert a new mouth piece into the breath tube.

103. 09/2013 Copy of Check-In Ticket

104. 09/2013 Taking The Check-In Test Instruct the subject to provide a slow, continuous breath. An intermittent tone will be heard. As the subject meets the minimum flow rate, the tone will become constant.

105. 09/2013 0.0721.5L

106. 09/2013 Taking The Check-In Test Once the subject has finished delivering a satisfactory sample, immediately remove the mouth piece. The DMT will again purge. The Check-In ticket will then print in triplicate.

107. 09/2013

108. Time Limits If the “RUN” button is not pressed within 10 minutes of completion of the observation time, the 15 minute observation timer must be restarted. Five (5) minutes is allotted to enter data. When prompted to make a decision such as “SUBJECT TAKE TEST? YES or NO” or “USE PREVIOUS DATA,” one (1) minute is allotted. When prompted “PLEASE BLOW” the subject will have two (2) minutes to provide a breath sample.

109. 09/2013 Incomplete Sample If an adequate breath sample has not been provided in the two minute window the instrument will prompt “SUBJECT TAKE TEST? YES or NO”. – Select “YES” to try again. – select “NO” if the subject cannot provide an adequate breath sample. The instrument will then prompt “REFUSAL or INCAPABLE?” Select “REFUSAL” or “INCAPABLE” as applicable and type a reason.

110. 09/2013 Incomplete Sample After three failed attempts the instrument will rerun its quality control measures. The subject will then have three more chances to provide an adequate breath sample. Each failed two minute attempt will be documented on the report as INCOMPLETE.

111. 09/2013 Invalid Sample An abnormal breath profile has been obtained during sample delivery. The instrument will print a ticket documenting the invalid sample and will return to the “Ready, Push Run” screen. The testing sequence must be restarted including a new 15 minute observation period.

112. 09/2013 Interference The ratio between the measurements at the three filters is not what is expected for ethanol. When the instrument prompts “SUBJECT TAKE SECOND TEST? YES or NO” select “YES” and have subject provide a second sample. If “INTERFERENCE” is reported again you may have subject’s blood drawn.

113. 09/2013

114. Breath Profiles As the subject is blowing, the DMT will display the breath and alcohol profiles in real time. The following slides are examples of actual breath profiles you might encounter.

115. 09/2013 Cooperative Breath and Alcohol Profile Subject is providing a continuous breath and alcohol concentration has reached a plateau. Alcohol Concentration Time Flow Rate L/min

116. 09/2013 Low Flow Subject may be trying to “beat the test” or is incapable of providing the minimum flow long enough. Acceptable test Sample provided through a simulator.

117. 09/2013 Meeting vs. Exceeding One subject Consecutive breaths Graph 1: A full breath sample Approximately 6.8L air Alcohol result 0.099g/210L Graph 2: A partial breath sample Approximately 1.7L air Alcohol result 0.077g/210L

118. 09/2013 Huffing and Puffing Subject is being uncooperative. Could potentially result in an Invalid Sample

119. 09/2013 Incomplete with Huffing and Puffing A valid test is never received, however, please note that the alcohol concentration is never lower than an 0.07. A minimum alcohol concentration may be determined even on an incomplete test.

120. 09/2013 Incomplete: 2x Legal Limit A minimum alcohol concentration may be determined even on an incomplete test. Sample provided through a simulator.

121. 09/2013 Starting and Stopping This could be a sign that the subject is having a hard time meeting the minimum standards.

122. 09/2013 Mouth Alcohol This is actual mouth alcohol in a drinking subject. There does not appear to be a “typical” mouth alcohol profile.

123. 09/2013 Retrieving A Ticket The COPY button is your friend, it will reprint the last ticket generated, even if you turn the instrument off/on. The memory will be active on the DMT, therefore a Supervisor or Administrator will be able to retrieve and reprint old tickets.

124. 09/2013

125. Possible Problems

126. 09/2013 Errors Some error messages may require a DataMaster Supervisor or VFL DataMaster Technical Services to inspect and/or service an instrument. However, when receiving an error message it is permissible to retry the test. If the second attempt results in a passing test, the subject results are acceptable. DataMaster DMT Supervisors should be made aware of any and all errors. Any and all reports generated during a testing sequence including those displaying errors should be retained with the case file.

127. 09/2013 Errors When encountering error messages that cannot be remedied, post “OUT OF SERVICE” on the DataMaster DMT and leave a detailed message for your DataMaster Supervisor.

128. 09/2013 Errors Simulator Out of Range The simulator solution is outside the +/- 5% acceptance range. Simulator Temperature Out of Range The simulator is outside the 33.5 -34.5 ºC acceptance range. Calibration Check Error The instrument is not reading the calibration correctly. Sample Chamber Not to Temperature The sample chamber outside the 45 - 55ºC acceptance range.

129. 09/2013 Errors Detector Overflow The detector is out of range or the subjects BrAC is greater than 0.600. Breath Tube Temperature Out of Range The breath tube is outside the acceptance range. Filter Wheel Error The filter wheel is not aligning properly. Filter # (1,2,3) Won’t Zero One of the filters is not reading properly.

130. 09/2013 Errors Ambient Fail The instrument is detecting alcohol in the ambient air. Blank Error The instrument is unable to reach zero apparent alcohol. For both of these errors: – Remove the mouthpiece from the breath tube. – Remove possible contamination sources from the processing area. – Open windows or use a fan to draw fresh air into the room if possible.

131. 09/2013 Errors Simulator Time Out The simulator took too long to reach plateau while running a Simulator Vapor test. – Attempt the test again. Radio Frequency Detected A radio frequency transmission has been detected in the testing environment. – Turn radio off and ensure that there are no active transmitters in the processing area.

132. 09/2013 Errors Pump Error The flow detector does not detect pump operation or the pump speed is incorrect. – Ensure the breath tube is free from obstruction during a purge cycle. Suck Back Error Air flow is in the reverse direction during a subject sample delivery – Restart the testing sequence. When prompted to use previous timer and use previous data, select “YES”. – Instruct the subject again on proper sample delivery.

133. 09/2013 Errors Communication Error (frozen screen) The embedded pc is not communicating with the controller board correctly. – Turn the DMT off, wait one minute, turn it on again. “PLEASE BLOW” Flashes but DMT does not accept a sample. – Refer to graphic display to ensure subject is providing adequate air flow. – Remove the mouthpiece from the breath tube and replace with a new mouthpiece. – Have the subject attempt to provide another sample. – If error remains, turn off instrument for one minute and turn back on.

134. 09/2013 Errors Printing Problems. – Ensure the printer is loaded with ink and paper. – Ensure the USB cable is connected to both the DMT and the printer. – Turn the DMT off, wait one minute then turn back on. – Press the COPY button to reprint reports. – If after several attempts you are unable to get a readable report, contact you DataMaster Supervisor or DataMaster Records Administrator. They have access to reprinting prior reports.

135. 09/2013 Other Error Conditions Notify your DataMaster Supervisor if these conditions exist Incorrect Date Incorrect Time For both of these errors: – When the reports print, place a single line thought the incorrect information and write in the correction on all three copies. – Mark with your initials and date. – Document the discrepancy on your processing form.

136. 09/2013 Practice Tickets Two 1-test sequence Two 2-test sequence One Check-In

137. 09/2013 Practice Tickets Subject Name: (F) TEST (L) TEST Date of Birth: 01/01/1991 Gender:M or F GuardianY or N Case:0000 Stop Time:CURRENT TIME Test Reason:OTHER Town: PITTSFORD Operator Info: YOUR NAME Agency: YOUR AGENCY VTC #:YOUR NUMBER Two 1-test sequence Two 2-test sequence One Check-In