1. Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal

2. Indian Removal Act
Indian Removal Act—1830 authorized removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the west
-Purpose: open up land for settlement

3. Indian Removal Act
Indian Territory—area of present-day Oklahoma where tribes were relocated

4. Indian Removal Act
Bureau of Indian Affairs—federal agency that oversaw policy directed towards American Indians

5. Removal of Native Americans
Choctaw:
first tribe to move
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek— Choctaw ceded 10 million+ acres of land in Mississippi
Disastrous journey to Indian Territory (2,500 died)

6. Creek: Chickasaw: Resisted removal
1836: federal troops remove from Alabama- some in chains
Chickasaw:
: Removed from Mississippi

7. Did not work Cherokee Resistance
Cherokee thought they would be left alone by adopting white culture
Children learned English
Government similar to U.S.
Gold discovered in Cherokee land in Georgia
Did not work

8. Cherokee Resistance Georgia orders Cherokee to leave
Cherokee refuse and sue…
Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court Case
Cherokee claim: Independent nation in which the laws of Georgia did not apply
Chief Justice John Marshall agreed

9. “…[the Cherokee nation] is a distinct community, occupying its own territory,…in which the laws of Georgia have no force.”
--Chief Justice John Marshall

10. “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”
Cherokee Resistance
Georgia orders Cherokee to leave
Cherokee refuse and sue…
Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court Case
Cherokee claim: Independent nation in which the laws of Georgia did not apply
Chief Justice John Marshall agreed
President Jackson ignored the ruling
“John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”
--Andrew Jackson

11. Cherokee Resistance 1835 Treaty of New Echota
small fraction of the Cherokee agreed to removal
Spring 1838: U.S. troops begin to remove Cherokee to Indian Territory

12. Cherokee Resistance
Trail of Tears: 800 mile forced march to Indian Territory - Over 1/4th (4,000) died from disease, starvation, harsh weather, etc.

13. Seminole Wars First Seminole War
General Jackson fought against Florida Seminoles following the War of 1812.
1832: Leaders forced to sign removal treaty
Seminoles refused to leave
U.S. sent troops in 1835

14. Seminole Wars Second Seminole War
Osceola called upon the Seminole to resist removal by force
War from
3,000+ Seminoles captured and moved to Indian Territory
1500 U.S. soldiers died, $15+ million spent
U.S. gives up fight
1832: Leaders forced to sign removal treaty
Seminoles refused to leave
U.S. sent troops in 1835

15. Seminole Wars Third Seminole War Fighting over Florida land 1855-1858
Most Seminole leave Florida
Small group refused to leave