1. The Road To Statehood Chapter 3

2. Terms to Know Mound-builders Maize Clan Exogamy Polygamy Treaty Northwest Ordinance Sectionalism Constitution Mound-builders Maize Clan Exogamy Polygamy Treaty Northwest Ordinance Sectionalism Constitution

3. PeoplePeople Hernando de Soto Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle Henry de Tonti Pierre le Moyne Sieur de’Iberville Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur d’Bienville Winthrop Sargent David Holmes Hernando de Soto Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle Henry de Tonti Pierre le Moyne Sieur de’Iberville Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur d’Bienville Winthrop Sargent David Holmes

4. PlacesPlaces Rosedale Fort Maurepas Fort Rosalie Natchez District Natchez Trace Washington Rosedale Fort Maurepas Fort Rosalie Natchez District Natchez Trace Washington

5. Early Mississippians Native Americans reached this part of North America tens of thousands of years ago. They hunted wild animals, foraged for food, and raised crops The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were descendants of those early Native Americans. These were the largest tribes in the Mississippi region when Europeans and Africans began to arrive. Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from Indian tribe names. Native Americans reached this part of North America tens of thousands of years ago. They hunted wild animals, foraged for food, and raised crops The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were descendants of those early Native Americans. These were the largest tribes in the Mississippi region when Europeans and Africans began to arrive. Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from Indian tribe names.

6. First Europeans The Spanish and the French were the first to explore Mississippi. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River but died while searching for treasure. The French travelled the river trading furs and proselytizing. The Spanish and the French were the first to explore Mississippi. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River but died while searching for treasure. The French travelled the river trading furs and proselytizing.

7. SettlementSettlement The French settled Natchez, beside the Mississippi River. Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared this region with the Choctaw. In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms Territory to encourage the orderly settlement of this part of the frontier The French settled Natchez, beside the Mississippi River. Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared this region with the Choctaw. In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms Territory to encourage the orderly settlement of this part of the frontier

8. Early Native Americans How did they get here?

9. History of early Native Americans is divided into four periods

10. Paleo Period Ice Age Period ended around 12,000 years ago Archeologists have found few traces of Paleo Indians in Mississippi Ice Age Period ended around 12,000 years ago Archeologists have found few traces of Paleo Indians in Mississippi

11. Archaic Period The climate became warmer and drier Large animals died out Native Americans became less nomadic They hunted, fished and gathered nuts and berries No writing system Used stone tools The climate became warmer and drier Large animals died out Native Americans became less nomadic They hunted, fished and gathered nuts and berries No writing system Used stone tools

12. Woodland Period Developed highly organized societies in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys Built burial mounds over tombs sometimes shaping them like birds and animals (Moundbuilders) Learned how to farm and used copper and stone tools. Villages became larger and politically linked. Began using bow and arrow Developed highly organized societies in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys Built burial mounds over tombs sometimes shaping them like birds and animals (Moundbuilders) Learned how to farm and used copper and stone tools. Villages became larger and politically linked. Began using bow and arrow

13. Mississippian Period

14. Continued moundbuilding tradition however, instead of burial mounds, they built religious buildings and the homes of the chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular mounds The second largest mound in the U.S. is located in Natchez In some cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in stages and some were multiple mounds. One was the base for a temple where elders’ bones were buried Built villages surrounded by wooden fences. Grew corn, squash, beans Continued moundbuilding tradition however, instead of burial mounds, they built religious buildings and the homes of the chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular mounds The second largest mound in the U.S. is located in Natchez In some cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in stages and some were multiple mounds. One was the base for a temple where elders’ bones were buried Built villages surrounded by wooden fences. Grew corn, squash, beans

15. MounbuildersMounbuilders

16. Native American Societies Most were very small societies (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi) The largest were the Chickasaw, Choctaw and Natchez All Mississippi Native American languages were similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the Biloxi Most southeastern Native American tribes shared similar religious beliefs. Each village governed itself and sent representatives to the tribal councils. Most were very small societies (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi) The largest were the Chickasaw, Choctaw and Natchez All Mississippi Native American languages were similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the Biloxi Most southeastern Native American tribes shared similar religious beliefs. Each village governed itself and sent representatives to the tribal councils.

17. Native American Societies (cont) The Choctaw (18th Century) had a main chief and six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu (War Chief) and the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson) Within each village resided several clans (Groups of related families) These clans punished crimes and protected members of the clan The clan approved marriages which ALWAYS crossed clan lines. (Marrying outside ones own clan is called Exogamy) The Choctaw (18th Century) had a main chief and six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu (War Chief) and the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson) Within each village resided several clans (Groups of related families) These clans punished crimes and protected members of the clan The clan approved marriages which ALWAYS crossed clan lines. (Marrying outside ones own clan is called Exogamy)

18. Native American Society (cont) Men held the important political and religious positions in the society Occasionally, a man had more than one wife (Polygamy) and the two wives were usually sisters. They built close to rivers and streams because it was easier to farm and irrigate. Women did most of the farming, although the men cleared the land. Men held the important political and religious positions in the society Occasionally, a man had more than one wife (Polygamy) and the two wives were usually sisters. They built close to rivers and streams because it was easier to farm and irrigate. Women did most of the farming, although the men cleared the land.

19. Native American Society (cont) Women made pottery, gathered food, farmed, fished, and tanned hides Men constructed buildings, hunted deer and bear, and fought other tribes. Religion centered on the sun and sacred fires which represented the sun on Earth. They believed in spirits and gods associated with nature and animals. Women made pottery, gathered food, farmed, fished, and tanned hides Men constructed buildings, hunted deer and bear, and fought other tribes. Religion centered on the sun and sacred fires which represented the sun on Earth. They believed in spirits and gods associated with nature and animals.

20. Native American Wide World of Sports Their sport was stickball. It was associated with religion also. It was called Ishtohbohl and accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual sacrifice (Maya and Aztec) Ishtohbohl was always a contest between villages. The object was to throw or carry a ball between two goal posts. (Remind you of anything? The ball could only be touched by rackets. Virtually the only rule was that each team had to have the same number of players. They also played Chunky with a round stone. Their sport was stickball. It was associated with religion also. It was called Ishtohbohl and accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual sacrifice (Maya and Aztec) Ishtohbohl was always a contest between villages. The object was to throw or carry a ball between two goal posts. (Remind you of anything? The ball could only be touched by rackets. Virtually the only rule was that each team had to have the same number of players. They also played Chunky with a round stone.

21. Native American Rulers The Natchez lived between Warren and Wilkinson. Their ruler was known as the “Great Sun”. Had both political and religious authority. He rode around in a litter and had multiple wives. The Natchez lived between Warren and Wilkinson. Their ruler was known as the “Great Sun”. Had both political and religious authority. He rode around in a litter and had multiple wives.

22. European Explorers

23. Periods of European Expansion Four periods of European, overseas expansion Initial period of expansion Colonial trade rivalry – England, Spain, France New empires in Africa and Asia Decolonization – mid-twentieth century Four periods of European, overseas expansion Initial period of expansion Colonial trade rivalry – England, Spain, France New empires in Africa and Asia Decolonization – mid-twentieth century

24. European Explorers Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and sparked the European exploration of the Americas.

26. Spanish Explorers The Spanish were the first to visit Mississippi between 1539-1542. Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern part of North America He was after Gold and Silver The Spanish were the first to visit Mississippi between 1539-1542. Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern part of North America He was after Gold and Silver

27. Hernando de Soto Expeditions included six hundred soldiers, many on horseback. The Spanish introduced both hogs and horses to North America He held Indian Chiefs hostage to secure labor, supplies and information In 1540 near Mobile he was attacked but the natives did not know how to fight cavalry and they were defeated He then led his forces into Mississippi. Expeditions included six hundred soldiers, many on horseback. The Spanish introduced both hogs and horses to North America He held Indian Chiefs hostage to secure labor, supplies and information In 1540 near Mobile he was attacked but the natives did not know how to fight cavalry and they were defeated He then led his forces into Mississippi.

28. Hernando de Soto In May, the weary soldiers reached the Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it He died in 1542. Less than half survived the expedition. In May, the weary soldiers reached the Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it He died in 1542. Less than half survived the expedition.

29. Effects of de Soto The Spanish did not return. They found no Gold They were constantly harassed by the natives The most profound effect was unexpected...Disease spread to Native Americans for which they had NO immunity. The extensive trade routes spread the diseases quickly. The population of the Native Americans dramatically decreased because of the diseases. It is estimated that the population of Native Americans decreased by 50% in the century and a half after Columbus landed. The Spanish did not return. They found no Gold They were constantly harassed by the natives The most profound effect was unexpected...Disease spread to Native Americans for which they had NO immunity. The extensive trade routes spread the diseases quickly. The population of the Native Americans dramatically decreased because of the diseases. It is estimated that the population of Native Americans decreased by 50% in the century and a half after Columbus landed.

30. The Columbian Exchange “Massive movement and interaction of biological organisms after Columbus”

32. French Explorers The French were next to explore Mississippi They settled in Quebec in 1608. Searched for a water route to the Pacific Were most interested in fur trading. The French were next to explore Mississippi They settled in Quebec in 1608. Searched for a water route to the Pacific Were most interested in fur trading.

33. Louis Jolliet and Jaques Marquette In 1673, sailed down the Mississippi River. Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing that the Ms. River flowed to the Gulf NOT the Pacific In 1673, sailed down the Mississippi River. Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing that the Ms. River flowed to the Gulf NOT the Pacific

34. Rene Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and Henry de Tonti In 1682, they came down the Ms. River and claimed the region for France They befriended the Natchez Indians near Vicksburg La Salle returned to the region and tried to establish a settlement at the mouth of the Ms. River. He died trying. In 1682, they came down the Ms. River and claimed the region for France They befriended the Natchez Indians near Vicksburg La Salle returned to the region and tried to establish a settlement at the mouth of the Ms. River. He died trying.

35. TontiTonti Made several trips up and down the Ms. River looking for La Salle, even leaving a letter for him with the Native Americans at the mouth of the Ms. River

36. European Wars These wars had three major consequences: 1. The territory of each country changed 2. The colonists in America sought allies among the Native Americans and different tribes supported different countries 3. Mississippi was ruled first by the French, then by the English and finally by the Spanish. The United States did not gain control of Mississippi until 1798. These wars had three major consequences: 1. The territory of each country changed 2. The colonists in America sought allies among the Native Americans and different tribes supported different countries 3. Mississippi was ruled first by the French, then by the English and finally by the Spanish. The United States did not gain control of Mississippi until 1798.

37. French Settlement From their base in Quebec, the French tried to control the interior of North America Wanted to dominate the fur trade Wanted to confine the English to the East Coast In order to do that, they had to control the Ohio and Ms. River valleys From their base in Quebec, the French tried to control the interior of North America Wanted to dominate the fur trade Wanted to confine the English to the East Coast In order to do that, they had to control the Ohio and Ms. River valleys

38. Sieur d’Iberville In 1699, the French sent d’Iberville of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to establish a colony. He reached Ship Island and then landed on the mainland on February 13, 1699. By March he located the mouth of the Mississippi River He sailed back to Ship Island and then built Fort Maurepas on the present site of Ocean Springs. This was the first European settlement in Mississippi. In 1699, the French sent d’Iberville of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to establish a colony. He reached Ship Island and then landed on the mainland on February 13, 1699. By March he located the mouth of the Mississippi River He sailed back to Ship Island and then built Fort Maurepas on the present site of Ocean Springs. This was the first European settlement in Mississippi.

39. LouisianaLouisiana Iberville made several more trips to the Gulf Coast before dying in 1706 On one of those trips he established Mobile. He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its poor water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and no access to the interior. Basically....It Sucked! Bienville governed and defended the settlements while Iberville was away and established the settlement of New Orleans in 1718. Iberville made several more trips to the Gulf Coast before dying in 1706 On one of those trips he established Mobile. He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its poor water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and no access to the interior. Basically....It Sucked! Bienville governed and defended the settlements while Iberville was away and established the settlement of New Orleans in 1718.

40. French Incursions French Canadians traveled up and down the MS River and many were attacked along the way Bienville sailed up-river and took several chiefs hostage until the perpetrators had been captured and put to death. He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at the present site of Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the Yazoo River joined the Ms. River at present-day Vicksburg until 1729. French Canadians traveled up and down the MS River and many were attacked along the way Bienville sailed up-river and took several chiefs hostage until the perpetrators had been captured and put to death. He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at the present site of Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the Yazoo River joined the Ms. River at present-day Vicksburg until 1729.

41. The Massacre at Fort Rosalie The local governor demanded that the Natchez surrender a nearby village. In response, they attacked the fort, killed two hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black slaves The French retaliated with the help of the Choctaw, destroying the Natchez as a separate tribe. Those that survived fled north to the Chickasaw. The local governor demanded that the Natchez surrender a nearby village. In response, they attacked the fort, killed two hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black slaves The French retaliated with the help of the Choctaw, destroying the Natchez as a separate tribe. Those that survived fled north to the Chickasaw.

42. Understanding Indian Politics Meanwhile the French and British were almost always at war with one another. In America each side “bought” allies with trade goods, especially guns and gunpowder. The Choctaw sided with the French The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek sided with the British The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured them and took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as slaves. The Choctaw, in turn, attacked the Chickasaw near Tupelo with French help, but were defeated. Meanwhile the French and British were almost always at war with one another. In America each side “bought” allies with trade goods, especially guns and gunpowder. The Choctaw sided with the French The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek sided with the British The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured them and took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as slaves. The Choctaw, in turn, attacked the Chickasaw near Tupelo with French help, but were defeated.

43. Mid 18th Century War again broke out between France and Great Britain However, this time, the war started in America Known as the French and Indian War here (1754-1763) was fought to see who would control the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Most of the fighting took place north of Mississippi Although the Choctaw fought a civil war between supporters of the French and those of the British The French supporters of the Choctaw won France lost the greater war France gave up all territory east of the Ms River at the Treaty of Paris, 1763. War again broke out between France and Great Britain However, this time, the war started in America Known as the French and Indian War here (1754-1763) was fought to see who would control the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Most of the fighting took place north of Mississippi Although the Choctaw fought a civil war between supporters of the French and those of the British The French supporters of the Choctaw won France lost the greater war France gave up all territory east of the Ms River at the Treaty of Paris, 1763.

44. DefinitionDefinition Treaty: A Formal agreement between two or more nations. Treaty: A Formal agreement between two or more nations.

45. British Mississippi The British influenced Mississippi before 1763 British traders from Charleston had travelled among the Choctaw and Chickasaw for decades, although the Choctaw preferred the French After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of the province of West Florida It was an unimportant and remote portion of the British Empire The Capital was Pensacola The colony of Georgia claimed the region Britain encouraged settlement in West Florida and the Natchez area Veterans of the war received land grants. The British influenced Mississippi before 1763 British traders from Charleston had travelled among the Choctaw and Chickasaw for decades, although the Choctaw preferred the French After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of the province of West Florida It was an unimportant and remote portion of the British Empire The Capital was Pensacola The colony of Georgia claimed the region Britain encouraged settlement in West Florida and the Natchez area Veterans of the war received land grants.

46. British Mississippi By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken up residence in the Natchez district Relations soured between Great Britain and her colonies July 4, 1776 the colonists declared independence from Britain Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez district James Willing travelled down the Mississippi River and seized territory in the Natchez district and then continued on to New Orleans. Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured Natchez in September 1779 In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War placing the border at 31 degrees north latitude although Spain held on to Natchez By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken up residence in the Natchez district Relations soured between Great Britain and her colonies July 4, 1776 the colonists declared independence from Britain Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez district James Willing travelled down the Mississippi River and seized territory in the Natchez district and then continued on to New Orleans. Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured Natchez in September 1779 In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War placing the border at 31 degrees north latitude although Spain held on to Natchez

47. Spanish Mississippi The district prospered under Spanish rule The population tripled between 1785-1798 (2000 people-6,900 people) The Spanish Governor encouraged American immigration to the district and even gave generous land grants and was tolerant of Protestant religions Originally, the land was wooded but once cleared it was quite fertile Tobacco and indigo were important but COTTON became the best cash crop In 1800 the district exported 3 million pounds (1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that year) The district prospered under Spanish rule The population tripled between 1785-1798 (2000 people-6,900 people) The Spanish Governor encouraged American immigration to the district and even gave generous land grants and was tolerant of Protestant religions Originally, the land was wooded but once cleared it was quite fertile Tobacco and indigo were important but COTTON became the best cash crop In 1800 the district exported 3 million pounds (1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that year)

48. Spanish Mississippi Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding people and animals. Hogs and cattle were also raised The cattle drives of Texas had their origins in Mississippi Spain controlled the district but the U.S. claimed it as its own This issue was known as the Right of Deposit Getting goods to market was a huge problem: Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was slow So it became important to send goods down the rivers to New Orleans for export Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding people and animals. Hogs and cattle were also raised The cattle drives of Texas had their origins in Mississippi Spain controlled the district but the U.S. claimed it as its own This issue was known as the Right of Deposit Getting goods to market was a huge problem: Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was slow So it became important to send goods down the rivers to New Orleans for export

49. Pinckney’s Treaty Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo Granted the right of Americans to deposit their goods in New Orleans Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez district The U.S. took control over the region in 1798. Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo Granted the right of Americans to deposit their goods in New Orleans Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez district The U.S. took control over the region in 1798.

50. The Mississippi Territory

51. Mississippi Territory Native Americans made up majority of the population and had most of the land. Mainly woods and wildlife in MS Roads were little more than trails and no bridges. Natchez Trace was main roadway Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a major port for sailors and goods Native Americans made up majority of the population and had most of the land. Mainly woods and wildlife in MS Roads were little more than trails and no bridges. Natchez Trace was main roadway Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a major port for sailors and goods

52. Territorial Government The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787 established the framework for the government of the territories and set up admission for new states.

53. The Admission Process Had 3 Stages: 1. The President, with Congressional approval, appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges and a secretary to the governor. The Governor and Judges acted as a territorial legislature. Once the population of adult, free, men reached 5,000 phase 2 began 2. The voters could now elect an assembly to pass laws and a territorial representative to Congress. The governor and judges remained. 3. Began when the territory had 60,000 people (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected to write a state constitution. After Congress approved it, a new state was admitted. Had 3 Stages: 1. The President, with Congressional approval, appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges and a secretary to the governor. The Governor and Judges acted as a territorial legislature. Once the population of adult, free, men reached 5,000 phase 2 began 2. The voters could now elect an assembly to pass laws and a territorial representative to Congress. The governor and judges remained. 3. Began when the territory had 60,000 people (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected to write a state constitution. After Congress approved it, a new state was admitted.

54. Mississippi’s First Government Territorial Governor: Winthrop Sargent Secretary to the Governor: John Steele Territorial Judges: Peter Bryan Bruin Daniel Tilton William McGuire Territorial Governor: Winthrop Sargent Secretary to the Governor: John Steele Territorial Judges: Peter Bryan Bruin Daniel Tilton William McGuire

55. Early Problems Sargent almost immediately became controversial Disputes centered on the laws he imposed and the strict nature of his administration. The National political climate drove much of the controversy. There was also a huge rift between merchants in Natchez and their rural customers. After Jefferson won the Presidency he appointed a new Governor (W.C.C. Claiborne) and moved the Capital from Natchez to the town of Washington to appease the farmers. It was highly symbolic. Sargent almost immediately became controversial Disputes centered on the laws he imposed and the strict nature of his administration. The National political climate drove much of the controversy. There was also a huge rift between merchants in Natchez and their rural customers. After Jefferson won the Presidency he appointed a new Governor (W.C.C. Claiborne) and moved the Capital from Natchez to the town of Washington to appease the farmers. It was highly symbolic.

56. LandLand Ownership of the land in the territory was a major issue. Most of the land was owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes Pressure grew on the U.S. to acquire the land. Ownership of the land in the territory was a major issue. Most of the land was owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes Pressure grew on the U.S. to acquire the land.

57. LandLand Settlers held title to the land from all three previous ruling countries: France, Spain and Britain Others had purchased land grants from Georgia Many settlers were Squatters and had cleared and farmed the land, built homes but did not own it. The U.S. government had developed an orderly process to gain land ownership with the Land Ordinance of 1785. Settlers held title to the land from all three previous ruling countries: France, Spain and Britain Others had purchased land grants from Georgia Many settlers were Squatters and had cleared and farmed the land, built homes but did not own it. The U.S. government had developed an orderly process to gain land ownership with the Land Ordinance of 1785.

58. SectionalismSectionalism Definition: An allegiance to local interests. The Natchez district dominated the politics of the territory. Whites in the east believed Natchez White used Wealth to control territory. Conflicts arose between slave owners and non slave owners Definition: An allegiance to local interests. The Natchez district dominated the politics of the territory. Whites in the east believed Natchez White used Wealth to control territory. Conflicts arose between slave owners and non slave owners

59. Taking Shape 1804, territory expanded to Tennessee 1812, southern border extended to Gulf of Mexico 1804, territory expanded to Tennessee 1812, southern border extended to Gulf of Mexico

60. StatehoodStatehood Dividing the state and joining the Union

61. StatehoodStatehood 1817 MS divided into two territories, Mississippi and Alabama 1 st Constitution was written The Legislative branch was more powerful than the executive branch because of territorial governors Judges were appointed for life and only landowners could vote Landowners were only white men 1817 MS divided into two territories, Mississippi and Alabama 1 st Constitution was written The Legislative branch was more powerful than the executive branch because of territorial governors Judges were appointed for life and only landowners could vote Landowners were only white men

62. Did You Know The delegates to the constitutional convention did not submit the new constitution to the voters but sent it to the federal government for approval. Upon approval, Mississippi became the 20th state on December 10, 1817. David Holmes became the first Governor. The delegates to the constitutional convention did not submit the new constitution to the voters but sent it to the federal government for approval. Upon approval, Mississippi became the 20th state on December 10, 1817. David Holmes became the first Governor.

63. End Chapter 3