1. Biochemistry TG09S Carola Fortelius 2010

2. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 2 Classes of biomolecules

3. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 3 Carbohydrates

4. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 4 Monosaccharides

5. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 5

6. 6 Chain or ring structure

7. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 7 Ring structure

8. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 8 Carbohydrate bonds

9. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 9 Two important polysaccharides

10. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 10 Starch

11. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 11 Cellulose

12. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 12 Difference in the bonds makes all the difference

13. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 13 Lipids

14. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 14 Lipids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

15. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 15 Amino acids

16. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 16 20 different aa found in proteins

17. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 17 Proteins

18. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 18 Protein folding

19. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 19 Enzymes What are they? Why do we need them? Examples?

20. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 20 Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties

21. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 21 Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific

22. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 22 Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction

23. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 23 Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction Unchanged at the end of the reaction

24. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 24 Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction Unchanged at the end of the reaction Need them

25. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 25 Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction Unchanged at the end of the reaction Need them Reactions too slow to maintain life Can’t increase temperatures/pressure in cells (fatal)

26. Enzymes Are Proteins The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the protein where the substrates bind.

27. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 27 The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the protein where the substrates bind.

28. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 28 Active site The active site involves a small number of key residues that actually bind the substrates The rest of the protein structure is needed to maintain these residues in position

29. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 29 How do enzymes work?

30. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 30 Sucrose + H 2 O Glucose + Fructose Substrates Products

31. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 31 For a reaction to occur the sucrose and water would have to collide with enough energy to break and form bonds

32. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 32 Sucrose + H 2 OGlucose + Fructose + + SubstratesProducts

33. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 33 Energy Progress of reaction

34. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 34 Energy Progress of reaction Substrates

35. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 35 Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products

36. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 36 Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products High energy intermediate

37. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 37 Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products High energy intermediate Activation energy

38. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 38 For a reaction to occur the sucrose and water would have to collide with enough energy to break and form bonds and This is the activation energy!

39. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 39 The minimum amount of energy needed to start the reaction, leading to the formation of a high energy intermediate = The activation energy

40. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 40 Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products High energy intermediate Activation energy Enzymes reduce the height of the energy barrier

41. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 41 Nucleic acids

42. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 42 a. Sugar component

43. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 43 b. Base component

44. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 44 c. Phosphate

45. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 45

46. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 46 Polynucleotides

47. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 47 The genetic code

48. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 48