1. A Flawed Peace Section 4 Pages 760-763

2. The Fourteen Points January 8, 1918 Peace proposal Encourage Allies and Central Powers to end the war Did not want a punitive peace Wilson did not consult the Allies Some points were contrary to secret agreements made among the Allies President Woodrow Wilson

3. The Fourteen Points 8 Points dealt with territorial matters Open, rather than secret, diplomacy Freedom of the seas General disarmament Removal of trade barriers Impartial settlement of colonial claims The establishment of a League of Nations

4. Woodrow Wilson Presbyterian minister, President of Princeton University President of the United States (1913-1921)

5. Guiding Spirit Redraw boundaries of Eastern Europe along ethnic lines BUT…minority problems became greater

6. Failure at Home The Republican Congress was not in agreement with the peace negotiated under Wilson, particularly with the League of Nations and collective security aspects. A separate peace was negotiated between the United States and Germany. Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, and heralded in Europe as a savior of peace.

7. Germany: Treaty of Versailles signed June 28, 1919 Pay huge reparations Lost major territory Military restrictions Article 231(accept sole guilt) Excluded from League of Nations *signed under protest

9. New Nations Finland Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia

11. Map 1919 Europe

12. The Balkans prior to WWI Greece gained Bulgaria’s Aegean Coast Serbia & Romania doubled in size

13. The Balkans in 1925 Romania & Serbia were big winners of territory

14. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918 Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with Germany Germany now free to shift troops to the Western Front The Allies refused to accept the treaty as legitimate Signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

15. Germany’s Desperate Situation Russia out of the war, but fresh American troops on the Western Front Austria-Hungary and Turkey almost knocked out of the war Food shortages in Germany Numerous strikes in major cities 500,000 workers on strike in Berlin (January) Increasing inflation The Ludendorff Offensive (March-July, 1918) November 11, 1918 – armistice signed

16. Armistice This photograph was taken after reaching an agreement for the armistice that ended World War I. The location is in the forest of Compiègne. Foch is second from the right. Hitler later ordered that the rail car where this agreement was made be burned.

17. “The Peace to end all peace” Germans bitter & broken Imperialism continued USA did not ratify treaty Japan, Italy unhappy w/their share Sows seeds for WWII

18. League of Nations USA refused to be part of League of Nations… Wilson lost Congressional backers League had little power to settle disputes Asians/Africans upset at being governed by a mandate

19. Aftermath of War 8.5 million soldiers died 21 million wounded Countless civilians – disease, starvation, slaughter $338 billion cost

20. Society shaken to foundations Communism & civil war in Russia Political & economic chaos in Germany led to rise of Hitler British & French empires crumble/ treasuries drained USA refused world leadership

21. Consequences of World War I Four empires destroyed German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Economic devastation Projection of the U.S. into world affairs Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union Rise of Mussolini & Fascism in Italy Rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany

22. Influenza Epidemic In the spring of 1918, the Spanish flu hit England and India. By fall, it had spread through Europe, Russia, Asia, and to the United States. 12 million died in India. 1500 people died in Berlin in one day. 20 million died worldwide.

23. Treaty of Versailles The peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.