1. Learners' Dictionaries Oxford1948 Longman1978 Collins COBUILD1987 Macmillan2002 Macmillan2008 (bilingualized) Merriam-Webster2008 Jackson, Howard. 2002. Lexicography: An Introduction. London: Routledge.

2. Longman (1978) Innovations 1. Limited language for definitions (about 2000 words) 2. Computer cross-check to verify (1) or tag as beyond 2000 3. Improved grammatical information tagging / coding Jackson, Howard. 2002. Lexicography: An Introduction. London: Routledge, pp. 130-131.

3. Collins-COBUILD (1987) Innovations 1. Based on a corpus of English 2. Corpus allowed investigation of actual senses (KWIC) and frequency 3. Frequency 4. Special Features Jackson, Howard. 2002. Lexicography: An Introduction. London: Routledge, p. 131.

4. Macmillan (2002) Innovations 1. Two colors 2. Entry index 3. Limited defining vocabulary 4. Frequency

5. COBUILD Frequency Bands StarsFrequency 5 first 700 4next 1200 3next 1500 2next 3200 1next 8100 total 14,700