1. Turmoil & Change in Mexico Independence does not always mean democracy… 1

2. Colossus to the North 1.Neighbors 2.Antonio López de Santa Anna Unlike other Latin American nations Mexico had a common border with the US “Manifest Destiny” in the US meant war with the US because Mexico owned from Texas to the Pacific Santa Anna helped Mexico gain independence and served as president several times in the 19 th century Fought against Texan independence but lost in 1836 Fought against the US annexation of Texas in 1845 Santa Anna & Mexico gave up the southwest & California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, almost a third of Mexican territory Santa Anna lost power for the final time in 1855 and went into exile for 20 years Summarize it in your own words 2

3. Liberal Reformer 3.Benito Juarez Poor, orphan farmer from Oaxaca, started school at the age of 15, and earned a law degree in 1831 Juarez worked for the poor in the city of Oaxaca, he was known for honesty, integrity, and good judgment He was elected to city council, and slowly gained more power and higher political offices Started La Reforma a movement to redistribute land to the poor and offer more educational opportunities to the poor Santa Anna exiled him in 1853, he returned in 1855 Juarez was elected president in 1861 after the liberals won the civil war The French invaded Mexico in 1862 and made Austrian Archduke Maximilian emperor, they left after 5 years and Juarez was re-elected, he died in 1872 3 Summarize it in your own words

4. A New Caudillo 4.Profirio Díaz Díaz was a poor Indian from Oaxaca like Juarez but he rose to power through the military Juarez refused to reward Díaz for his role in defeating the French so Díaz fought against Juarez Díaz took power in 1876 with the support of the army, which had lost power under Juarez, and Indians & small land owners, who thought he would introduce more radical land reforms Díaz did what ever was necessary to maintain power, people lost some freedoms but he stabilized the economy and began to improve the infrastructure His use of force & favors kept him in power until 1911 4 Summarize it in your own words

5. Terror Tactics lead to Civil War 5.Francisco Madero 6.Francisco “Pancho” Villa 7.Emiliano Zapata Wealthy reformer educated in US & France, wanted to strengthen Mexican democracy, exiled in 1910 Successfully called for an armed revolution while in exile Revolutionary leader from Northern Mexico, stole from the rich and gave to the poor like Robin Hood Supported Madero & won battles against Díaz Revolutionary leader from Southern Mexico, wanted land & liberty for the poor Supported Madero & won battles against Díaz 5 Summarize it in your own words

6. Civil War Continues 8.Victoriano Huerta 9.Venustiano Carranza Madero did not enact reforms quickly enough so he lost support and resigned in 1913 General Huerta took power with military support and assassinated Madero An unpopular leader Huerta lost power 15 months after he took over Carranza took control of the government and turned on former allies Zapata & Villa, he murdered Zapata in 1919 ending the civil war Carranza negotiated Villa’s retirement in 1920, Villa was murdered in 1923 Constitution of 1917 established government control of resources, redistributed land, limited foreign land ownership, and gave rights to workers & women 6 Summarize it in your own words

7. Overthrow Again 10.Alvaro Obregón 11.The rest of the story… Supporter of Zapata, overthrew Carranza in 1920 in order to institute the final draft of the 1917 Constitution and democracy Supported public education, common language (Spanish), and nationalism United the diverse regions of Mexico, assassinated in 1928 1929 the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) took power and dominated the Mexican government until the end of the 20 th century The 1917 Constitution is still used today 7 Summarize it in your own words