1. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Objectives & Hypotheses: REINFORCED BONE SURROGATE FRACTURING 101-A3 Objectives: To determine the fracture energies of the wooden dowel and the dowel-reinforcing material systems, determined via impact pendulum testing. Hypotheses: The greater mass of reinforcing material added to the dowel, the greater the energy needed to induce fracture. The rubber reinforcement (per gram material added) will increase the energy to fracture the greatest.

2. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Protocol & Equipment: PROTOCOL Assemble and calibrate pendulum device Calculate frictional loss in pendulum Calculate energy loss due to reinforcing materials Test wooden dowels without reinforcing Test wooden dowels with reinforcing EQUIPMENT (relevant pieces) Pendulum apparatus ¼” diameter wooden dowel rods Rubber tubing, aluminum foil, burlap

3. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Proposed Results: Potential Pitfalls: Rubber > Burlap > Aluminum for reinforcing strength per mass Increasing number of thickness of material increases strength Pendulum swing-through / reinforcing material won’t break Attaching reinforcing material to the surrogate bone Comparison of three reinforcing materials

4. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Materials and Budget & Justification: Dowel Rods ……………………………………………...…………$7.60 3/8” outer diameter rubber tubing……………………………...…$6.90 7/16” outer diameter rubber tubing…………………………….…$9.10 1/2” outer diameter rubber tubing………………….……………$12.30 burlap…..………………………………………………………….…$2.00 Aluminum Foil……………………………………………….…..… $2.80 Total Cost: $40.70 Dowel rods will serve as bone surrogates to provide a consistent material on which the effects of various coating materials can be determined Rubber tubing, aluminum foil, and burlap are three materials that will be tested as reinforcers of the dowel rods. Rubber tubing has three sizes to allow for testing of the effect of material thickness as well as material type.