1. Chowan River TMDL Development Blackwater Area 09/07/04

2. Impaired Waters in the Blackwater River Drainage Rattlesnake Creek Swamp – Fecal Coliform Mill Swamp – Fecal Coliform Cypress Swamp – Fecal Coliform Spring Branch – General Standard (Benthic)

3. TMDL Development Historical data analysis Source assessment Physical Source Identification Bacterial source tracking Modeling Allocation

4. Fecal Coliform Impairments Impaired Stream Segments in the Blackwater River watershed

5. Water Quality Data Analysis Location of VADEQ water quality monitoring stations used for TMDL assessment in the Blackwater River watershed

6. Water Quality Data Analysis Fecal Coliform Concentrations

7. Water Quality Data Analysis Location of BST water quality monitoring stations in the Blackwater River watershed

8. Water Quality Data Analysis E. coli concentrations

9. Water Quality Data Analysis Statistical Analysis of Water Quality Measurements versus Precipitation to determine the relationship between rainfall and water quality Analyzed relationships for seasonal trends No seasonal trends found

10. Source Assessment Identification of Sources DEQ/DCR/Locality records VPDES U.S. Census Ag Census Habitat Analysis Stakeholders, local knowledge – improve estimates BST Delivery Mechanisms Direct Land-applied Exported Out of Watershed Temporal Variation Migration Patterns/Resident Populations Import/Export of agricultural/STP waste?

11. Permitted Discharges

13. Human (2004) ImpairmentPopulation Housing Units (HU) HU with Sewer HU with Septic HU with Other Cypress Swamp 1,1184363136541 Mill Swamp Rattlesnake Swamp 843 1,147 338 446 34 13 271 400 33

14. Human Sanitary sewer Overflows - reported to DEQ Exfiltration – rate from literature Failing septic systems Rate based on age of house Straight pipes U.S. Census and VDH consultation

15. Pets (2004) ImpairmentDogsCats Cypress Swamp 233261 Mill Swamp 180202 Rattlesnake Swamp 238267

16. Livestock - 1997 ImpairmentBeefDairyHorseSheepPoultrySwine Cypress Swamp Mill Swamp Rattlesnake Swamp 202 227 180 10 5 7 15 38 19 17 16 14 9,335 4,759 6,908

17. Wildlife Population ImpairmentDeerTurkeyGooseDuckMuskratRaccoonBeaver Cypress Swamp Mill Swamp Rattlesnake Swamp 1352 859 974 356 217 255 144 91 122 367 232 309 19,968 9,432 12,007

18. Bacterial Source Tracking Location of BST stations in the Blackwater River watershed

19. Modeling Hydrologic model Runoff model HSPF Water Quality model HSPF Model Calibration and Validation Based on data availability, period of interest

20. Modeling

21. Determination of Critical Conditions: Observed Fecal Coliform Versus Stream Flow Cypress Swamp: VADEQ Station 5ACPP006.04 and USGS Station #02047500

22. Determination of Critical Conditions: Observed Fecal Coliform Versus Stream Flow, cont. Cypress Swamp: VADEQ Station 5ACPP003.20 and USGS Station #02047500

23. Determination of Critical Conditions: Observed Fecal Coliform Versus Stream Flow, cont. Rattlesnake Creek Swamp: VADEQ Station 5ARKN006.40 and USGS Station #02047500

24. Determination of Critical Conditions: Observed Fecal Coliform Versus Stream Flow, cont. Mill Swamp: VADEQ Station 5AMSW006.77 and USGS Station #02047500

25. Hydrologic Calibration

27. Modeling Source Loads Source Characterization Fecal production / densities / distribution Delivery Mechanisms Direct Land-applied Exported Out of Watershed Temporal Variation

28. Load Characteristics

29. Model Load Characterization “Direct to Stream” Loads Point Sources: Design Flow/Fecal Discharge Overflows: Reported overflow volume Characterize Volume and Duration Animal/Human: direct deposition, straight pipes “Land Applied” Loads Wildlife, Livestock, Pets Transported to stream during runoff producing event Use measured waste characteristics Compute die-off in between events Application timing

30. Wildlife

31. Livestock Average percentage of collected livestock waste applied throughout year

32. Livestock Average time dairy milking cows spend in different areas per day

33. Livestock Average time dry cows and replacement heifers spend in different areas per day

34. Livestock Average time beef cows not confined in feedlots spend in areas per day

35. Allocation Quantify Current Source Conditions Run model with present-day sources Develop reduction scenarios that will meet water quality standards 100% reduction in straight pipes, 25% reduction in failed septic systems 100% reduction in straight pipes, 50% reduction in livestock direct deposition Allocate loads to each source

36. Livestock - 2002 ImpairmentBeefDairyHorseSheepSwine Cypress Swamp 16225119,117 Mill Swamp 329677142,957 Rattlesnake Swamp 18325146,236 * Must get information regarding import/export of poultry litter in watershed.

37. Allocation