1. Chapter 1 - Introduction
HCI: Designing Effective Organizational Systems
Dov Te’eni
Jane Carey
Ping Zhang

2. Introduction HCI: Human Computer Interaction
Describes the scope and approach of the book
The context of the book is organizational work
Designer’s goal is to achieve good fit among the user, task, and technology
Two organizing themes: multi-layer description of HCI and analysis of the cognitive and affective resources needed for user activities

3. HCI (Human Computer Interaction)
HCI –is the set of processes and resources that users employ to interact with computers
Building the human computer interface requires 50-70% of systems development effort
To users, the interface is the system
A study by Nielsen (2003) indicates that if corporations spend 10% of their development budget on usability, they can improve usability by 135%

4. The Importance of HCI
Another study found that 51% of major websites violate the most basic design guidelines.
These studies and more demonstrate that there is a need for a more systematic treatment of HCI in the development process and more HCI experts are needed.

5. The Importance of HCI Organizations of HCI are growing rapidly
There are more new journals dedicated to HCI than any other information systems sub-discipline
Nature of users is changing
Tolerance of users is changing

6. What constitutes a good user interface?
Achieves required performance by operator, control, and maintenance personnel
Minimizes skill and personnel requirements and training time
Achieve required reliability of person-computer combinations (reliability, availability, security, and data integrity)
Fosters design standardization within and among systems (integration, consistency, portability)

7. What constitutes a good user interface?
Common measurable goals for usability
Time to learn how to operate the system
Speed of performance
Error rate
User’s retention time of information presented
User’s satisfaction with the system

8. How to achieve these goals?
Achievement of these goals is no easy task
Some goals may be conflicting (speed of performance and error rates).
What about emotions and the overall experience of interacting with computers?
Look at the 2 web sites on the following slides.
They present similar functionality but have different designs.
Assuming they are equally functional (easy to navigate and find products), which do you prefer? Why?

9. Site 1 has more text and less graphics

10. Site 2 is more graphic with less text
Which is more important in this context?

11. Interdisciplinary nature and scope of HCI

12. Organizing theme One: Multi-layer model of HCI
Fit: the match between the computer design and the user and task so as to minimize the user’s human resources needed to accomplish the task
Figure 1.4 The Fit of HCI Components leads to Performance

13. Multi-layer model of HCI
Figure 1.6 A Multi-layer model of HCI

14. Multi-layer model of HCI (TSSL)
The task level pertains to the information requirements that have to be met (goals).
The semantic level pertains to the set of objects and operations through which the computer becomes meaningful to the user (implementation-independent words – objects and actions - what can be done). Relates user world to software world.
The syntactic level dictates the rules of combining the semantic objects and operations into correct instructions (rules of how to use objects and actions correctly – grammar – how to).
The lexical level describes the way specific computer devices are used to implement the syntactic level, e.g., move a mouse pointer to the document label and click twice to open it (specific way to do something on specific system).

15. Organizing theme two: Human Resources in HCI and their impact
Figure 1.7 The Relationship between User Activity and HCI supported resources

16. Context
The general context of HIC in this book is organizational work.
For building an application, the context must be refined further at the specific task level.
Summary
Our design philosophy is to develop the technology so as to achieve a good fit between the user, the task, and the technology, within a given context.

17. The HCI Methodology