1. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials www.eera-set.eu EERA is an official part of the EU SET-Plan. http://setis.ec.europa.eu/ Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Fuel Subprogrammes of the Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials M. Bertolus 1, Joe Somers 2 1 CEA, DEN, Centre de Cadarache, 2 JRC-ITU SP6 & SP5 coordinators

2. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Page 2 SP6 activities, 1 st Meeting workshop with JPNM stakeholders

3. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Improve safety and sustainability of nuclear energy by focusing on materials aspects Created in 2010 in the framework of the EERA alliance. Fuel activities added end of 2012 Focused on Generation IV materials Better knowledge of materials behaviour under operating conditions, seeking predictive capability, to select the most suited materials and define safe design rules, especially allowing for radiation and temperature effects, while caring for compatibility with coolants Development of innovative materials with superior capabilities, resistant to high temperature and aggressive European project aiming at integration and implementation of JPNM actions: MatISSE (2013-2017) Page 3 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 Objectives of Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials

4. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Page 4 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 JPNM Partners CEAFrance ChalmersSweden CIEMATSpain CNRItaly CNRSFrance CV RezCzech Republic ENEAItaly HZDRGermany INRRumania JRC-IET & ITUEU KITGermany KTHSweden NCBJPoland NRGThe Netherlands PSISwitzerland SCK  CEN Belgium STUBASlovakia UKERCUK VTTFinland Aalto U. (VTT)Finland CSM (ENEA)Italy EDF (CEA)France IFE (VTT)Norway IMDEA Materials (CIEMAT)Spain MPA (KIT)Germany NNL (UKERC)UK POLITO (ENEA)Italy TU Delft (NRG)The Netherlands UA (CIEMAT)Spain UH (VTT)Finland ULB (SCK  CEN) Belgium UPC (CIEMAT)Spain 19 full participants 13 associates Large number of members: a significant proportion of research on Nuclear Materials in Europe is made in the JPNM framework In green members of the fuel SP

5. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Page 5 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 JPNM Organisation Fuel Structural materials Industrial application Basic & Applied Research SP1: Support to European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative (ESNII) (K.-F. Nilsson, JRC-IET) SP2: Innovative steels (M. Serrano, CIEMAT) SP3: Refractory materials (F. Maday, ENEA) SP5: Advanced fuels (J. Somers, JRC-ITU) SP6: Physical modelling of fuel behaviour (M. Bertolus, CEA) SP4: Physical modelling of structural materials (C. Pareige, CNRS) Technological Innovation Coordinator (JPC): L. Malerba, SCKCEN - Deputy coordinator: A. Bohnstedt, KIT Management board: JPC + SP coordinators Steering committee : representatives of full participants

6. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Fuel Subprogrammes of the Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Page 6 SP6 activities, 1 st Meeting workshop with JPNM stakeholders

7. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials European research on fuel already well developed at the forefront of the worldwide developments and linked strongly to the European industry and safety organizations Research on fuel and targets conducted in at least 13 organizations (institutes/universities) all over Europe: France, UK, The Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden… + Joint research centers Europe-wide community created and results obtained during previous and current European projects primarily focused on fuel materials: F-BRIDGE (2008-2012) FAIRFUELS (2009-2013) PELGRIMM (started in 2012) F-NEXUS network (start in 2013) Important to make the links durable and capitalize on the results after projects end Necessary to better coordinate national and European programmes for improved synergy Lobby to ensure further funding in the future Page 7 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 Objectives of Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials

8. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Research in 2 strategic directions Knowledge enhancement of fundamental properties of advanced fuel materials and basic processes governing mechanical, physical and chemical behaviour  SP6 Engineering aspects of fabrication, testing and qualifying the fuels for the systems developed within SNETP and ESNII  SP5 Integration Bridge the gap between the two research domains and achieve the maximum benefit from the coupling Information generated will be used to optimize, improve and extend fuel performance codes to innovative fuel types Strong links with all other JPNM subprogrammes Research on fuel materials uses same methods and techniques as those used on structural materials in SP1-4 Page 8 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 Objectives of Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials

9. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Subprogramme 6: Physical modelling and separate effect experiments for fuels (M4F) Page 9 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

10. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials To change from “observe and qualify” approach to “design and control” basic studies of advanced nuclear fuel necessary in addition to global irradiations Similar approach to what is done on structural materials in JPNM/SP4, but adapted to fuel material specificities First successes demonstrated during the FP7 F-BRIDGE project (2008-2012) Produced key basic data / identified relevant mechanisms to be used for a better prediction of fuel and cladding behaviour Integrated European teams of various countries with various areas of expertise Approach has made progress – efforts still needed Page 10 Modelling and Separate Effect Experiments for Fuels: Why? Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

11. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Modelling and Separate Effect Experiments for Fuels: What do we need? Need for precise laws governing the evolution of properties as a function of all relevant parameters Fundamental understanding of underlying elementary mechanisms taking place in the materials during aging and irradiation at appropriate scales Coupling of the various descriptions and scales to simulate the combined effects of temperature and irradiation on the behaviour of the nuclear fuel during normal, off-normal and accidental conditions Gen IV fuels: mixed compounds, containing minor actinides O potential for various fuel compositions and T Diffusion coefficient determination using atomic scale methods Page 11 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

12. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Modelling and Separate effect Experiments for Fuels: How? Page 12 Behaviour of future fuels under irradiation In pile irradiations or experimental simulation (ion irradiation/implantation, doping) Multiscale modelling and simulation Fine characterization at relevant scale (before, under, after irradiation) SP5 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

13. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Modelling and Separate Effect Experiments for Fuels: What do we study? Page 13 State-of-the-art experimental and modelling studies from atomic to grain scale on mixed fuels in normal and off-normal conditions (Topics from top down analysis done in F-BRIDGE) Microstructure changes under irradiation Fission product chemistry and release Melting behaviour Mechanical integrity Melting temperatures Phase diagrams High temperature thermochemistry Thermal conductivity Transport properties of defects Gas segregation, precipitation and release Non-gaseous fission product behaviour and compounds Consequences of irradiation damage Creation and behaviour of extended defects (cavities, dislocations) Role of grain boundaries Mechanisms governing mechanical properties Creep Fracture Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 TASTEFUL PPP MECHAFUEL PPP

14. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials SP6 Pilot Project Proposals TASTEFUL: Thermodynamic and Atomic Transport properties of mixed oxide FUeLs Combination of separate effect experiments, atomic to mesoscale modelling and CALPHAD modelling Systems studied: (U,Pu)O 2, simulant (U,Ce)O 2. In a second stage and if external funding MA bearing oxides Duration: 4 years Partners: CEA/DEN, JRC-ITU, PSI, SCK.CEN, CNRS, Imperial, KTH, Aalto, TU Delft MECHAFUEL: MECHAnisms governing MECHAnical properties of oxide fuels Combined investigation using atomic scale calculations, macroscale modelling and separate effect experiments of mechanical properties, with a focus on creep (including irradiation-induced) Duration: 4 years Partners: CNRS, CEA/DEN, EDF, Imperial, NNL, PSI Page 14 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

15. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials SP5: Synthesis, irradiation and qualification of advanced fuels (AF) Page 15 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

16. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Objectives of SP5 Development of specific fuels for specific reactors Emphasis on priority topics identified within the SNETP/ESNII strategy Definition of fuel compositions Work on synthesis: modification of existing processes, new processes compatible with future fuel cycle options Interaction with cladding materials and help of selection of cladding with the other subprogrammes of JPNM Irradiation testing in materials testing reactors and prototype reactors Post-irradiation studies Modelling of experiments Integration of results in fuel performance and safety codes Page 16 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

17. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Materials considered Nuclear Fuels for SUSTAINABILITY and WASTE MINIMISATION in Future Reactor Systems (ESNII) DRIVER FUELS (U,Pu)TRL Oxide*8-9 (PX,SPX,..)* Carbides /Nitrides 3-4 Transmutation Fuels3 COOLANTS SodiumASTRID Lead/Bismuth MYRRHA LeadALFRED Helium ALLEGRO Waste Minimisation Transmutation of long lived elements in irradiated fuel: Fuel containing minor actinides (Americium Neptunium, Curium) must be developed  Radiotoxicity Reduction Page 17 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

18. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Synthesis, Irradiation and Qualification of Advanced fuels Fuel synthesis and characterisation Synthesis methods, Fuel properties, Pin welding Irradiation testing Design and setting experimental conditions Instrumented experiments MTRs in Europe or other reactors beyond Post-irradiation examination Non-destructive and destructive examination Modelling and Integration with SP6 Fuel performance codes with fundamental approaches Activities in SP5 Mo-(Pu,Am)O 2-x Page 18 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

19. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials SP5 Pilot Project Proposals Page 19 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 DOXO: Driver MOX Operation Continue/complement process started in WP7 of ESNII+ project Characterise experimentally real irradiated fast reactor fuel Obtain data for new fuel catalogue / laws to be implemented in safety codes Duration: 4 years Coordinator: J. Somers (JRC) Partners: JRC, ENEA, CEA/DEN, NNL, NRG, SCK.CEN TRANSEND: TRANSmutation END of the beginning Completion of PIE only partially completed on experiments on MA bearing fuels Final in depth evaluation of thermo-chemical, physical and mechanical properties of fresh and irradiated materials Establish a roadmap and its time frame for the licensing of most promising candidates for the 2030’s Duration: 4 years Coordinator: D. Delage (CEA/DEN) Partners: CEA/DEN, JRC, NRG, NNL

20. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Integration of SP5 and SP6 results: Better data in better codes Page 20 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

21. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Integration between basic and applied research (SP5 and 6) Towards improved predictive performance codes and standards Distance nm to m Time fs to years Numerical Modelling and Simulation Experimental Simulation and Qualification STANDARDISATION Better Data Better Codes Better Prediction NUCLEAR Fuel Simulation Platform Better basis for decisions Shorter lead times Reduced Cost SP 5 SP 6 Page 21 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

22. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Integration Pilot Project Proposal Page 22 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 COMBATFUEL: COMbining BAsic and Technological research for the characterisation of nuclear FUEL behaviour under irradiation Demonstrate capability of separate effect experiments performed in basic research approaches to provide new insights and improve interpretation of post-irradiation examinations carried out on neutron-irradiated fuel Transfer knowledge acquired from basic and technological research into operational tools: fuel and safety codes Bring together experts from various areas of expertise to develop and capitalize on the synergy between basic and technological research on modelling and experimental aspects Duration: 4 years Coordinator: M. Bertolus Partners: CEA/DEN, JRC, NNL, PSI, SCK.CEN, CENR, Polimi

23. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Synthesis of PPPs on fuels Page 23 MECHAFUEL TASTEFUL TRANSEND Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 COMBATFUEL DOXO PPP: Bricks for future European proposal in NFRP5

24. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Conclusions Page 24 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

25. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials Conclusions Page 25 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015 ??

26. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials The End Thank you for your attention Page 26 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015

27. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials In-pile Fuel Behaviour is Very Complex Page 27 Mechanical effects Temperature Irradiation Chemistry Cracking Fission gas bubble precipitation High Burn up structure Radial migration FP migration interaction A complex behaviour: interconnected effects leading to numerous coupled phenomena FissionAlpha Decay Fission products Helium + recoil nuclei SP6 activities, 1 st Meeting workshop with JPNM stakeholders

28. Joint Programme on Nuclear Materials EUROTRANS Irradiation Tests on MA Fuel in Phénix and HFR Petten FAIRFUELS Synthesis and irradiation of MA Fuel in HFR and PIE of EUROTRANS Fuels PELGRIMM Synthesis and irradiation of MA Fuel in HFR and PIE SEARCH Interaction of MOX with LBE ASGARD Conversion from Solution of advanced fuels MYRTE Properties of uranium americium dioxide targets Estimated value ~30M€ Past-Present EURATOM Programmes covering SP5 Page 28 Fuel SPs of JPNM, ESNII+ Workshop on Joint Programming, October 22-23, 2015