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Pharmacotherapy in Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse
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هرگونه مصرف هرویین در افراد بین 13 تا 18 سال در آمریکا : 1-1/6% مصرف مخدرهای نسخه ای : 4/5-10/5% در نوجوانان بعد از حشیش، مواد افیونی شایعترین مواد در آمریکا و اروپا هستند در استرالیا بعد از حشیش و مواد محرک، افیونی ها قرار دارند Oxycodon Hydrocodon
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MI and MEH (Motivation Enhancement Therapy) CBT Contingency Management Monitoring and Feedback Community Reinforcement Approach Family Therapy
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2010: ~250,000 adolescents seeking treatment in USA 4,800 (~2%) received pharmacotherapy as core intervention
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Treatment of comorbidity Prevent overdose and toxicity Ameliorate withdrawal side effects Maintaining abstinence or preventing relapse
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Flumazenil Naloxone
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Benzodiazepines Clonidine Amantadine Antidepressants Antipsychotic Bromocriptine Carbamazipine, Modafinil Pergolide Topiramate Valproate Bupropion
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Methadone Buprenorphine
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Nicotine replacement Naltrexone for alcohol use Topiramate for alcohol use Naltrexone for opiate use Methadone maintenance Buprenorphine maintenance
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Most prevalent type of substitution intervention for adolescents Most effective of the substitution programs 12-week optimum Combined with behavior therapies
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Fewer drinks per day Fewer drinks per drinking day Fewer heavy drinking days More days abstinent Greater reduction in reports of craving
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Reviews show that oral naltrexone is not superior to placebo High risk of overdose and toxicity
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Lehmann WX. The use of 1-alpha-acetyl- methadol (LAAM) as compared to methadone in the maintenance and detoxification of young heroin addicts. NIDA monograph 1973;8:82–3. Woody GE, Poole SA, Subramanian G, Dugosh K, Bogenschutz M, Abbott P, et al. Extended vs short term buprenorphine-naloxone for treatment of opioid addicted youth. a randomised trial. JAMA 2008;300(17):2003–11
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Age: 14-21 years 14 heroin users on LAAM 21 heroin users on Methadone 16 weeks follow up No difference substance abuse or social functioning
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JAMA. 2008;300(17):2003-2011
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152 opiate dependent individuals Age: 14-21 14-detoxification with buprenorphine 12-week maintenance with buprenorphine Maximum dose: 24 mg/day
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Weekly individual and group sessions Informed consent with quiz for both parents and adolescent 12-month follow up
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Detoxification groupMaintenance group 4 weeks4584 8 weeks2774 12 weeks2170
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Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1157-1164
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36 opiate dependent adolescents (13-18 years) ~50% heroin users ~1/3 injection users 28-day intervention Clonidine detox Buprenorphine tapering
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استفاده از دارو درمانی برای مهار علایم و درمان همبودی ها در نوجوانان تا حد زیادی پذیرفته شده، بیخطر و مانند جمعیت بالغین است تجربه در استفاده از دارو درمانی بعنوان هسته مرکزی کنترل اعتیاد در نوجوانان بسیار محدود است محدود به چند مطالعه حداکثر 12 هفته با همراهی نسبتاً سنگین مداخلات غیر دارویی
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The Neurochemical explanation?
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Posternak MA, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Shea MT, Endicott J, Keller MB.(2006). The naturalistic course of unipolar major depression in the absence of somatic therapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006. 194-324-9. Part of NIMH Collaborative Study of Depression Mood Disorders28
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Mood Disorders29 431 MDD 431 MDD 65 Shift BMD 65 Shift BMD 48 No recovery 48 No recovery 318 Recovered 318 Recovered 130 recurrence 130 recurrence 84 No treatment 46 Treated
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Time to recovery 1 month recovery 3 months recovery 6 months recovery 1 year recovery No treatment 13 weeks23%52%67%85% Total (n=130) 23 weeks15%38%52%70% Mood Disorders30
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Mood Disorders31
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مراقب دیدگاه ساده انگارانه ” بیوشیمیایی “ و اثرات جانبی آن باشید در مطالعات مختلف در اعتیاد و حتی بیماری های روانی self-efficacy تعیین کننده ترین عامل است درمان دارویی بهتر است همواره بعنوان مکملی جهت ارتقا توانمندی های فردی دیده شود
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