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4. 4 Light will be discussed alternately as a particle and as a wave.

5. Where: λ = wavelength (meters) C = rate of travel (meters/second) [the speed of light] f = frequency λ time If the frequency were 300,000,000 Hz: At the speed of light of approximately 300,000,000 meters per second the wavelength would be 1 meter. 5

6. Gamma X-Ray Ultraviolet Visible Infrared microwave FM Shortwave AM 10 -14 m 10 -12 m 10 -10 m 10 -8 m 10 -6 m 10 -4 m 10 -2 m 1m 10 2 m 10 4 m 400ηm 500ηm 600ηm 700ηm Wavelength Increases / Frequency Decreases Visible 6 Ultraviolet Infrared

7. Incident Ray Reflected Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection Smooth Surface Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection 7

8. 8 Source: MS Clipart

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10. Incident Ray Refracted Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction From Less to Greater Density: The Refracted Ray bends toward the Normal Air Glass 10

11. Incident Ray Refracted Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction From Greater to Less Density: The Refracted Ray bends away from the Normal Air Glass 11

12. Index of Refraction MaterialIndex Vacuum1.00000 Air1.00029 Ice1.31 Water at 20 C1.33 Ethyl alcohol1.36 Quartz1.46 Typical glass1.52 Lens glass1.52-1.62 Heavy flint glass1.65 Diamond2.417 12

13. 13 White Light

14. 90 ◦ 14

15. 90 ◦ Polarizing Filter 15

16. 90 ◦ Polarizing Filter 16

17. Aligned polarization from two displays Full polarization from a 90° angle between two displays Image: PRGodin 17

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19. 19 Air Glass Reflected Light Source: www.dpwagtail.com

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21. Incident Ray Refracted Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Critical Angle More Dense Less Dense Incident Ray Reflected Ray Normal θiθi θrθr Internal Reflection More Dense Less Dense 21

22. Cladding Core 22

23. Core Cladding Step Index Optical Fiber 23

24. Optical Fiber θAθA 24

25. Large NA Small NA 25

26. Singlemode Optical Fiber Core Cladding Multimode Optical Fiber 26

27. 62.5/125 Multimode 50/125 Multimode 8/125 Singlemode The three fiber core/cladding sizes 27

28. Step Index Fiber Input Signal Output Signal 28

29. Graded Index Core 29

30. 30 Graded Index Fiber Input Signal Output Signal

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32. 32 ©PRGodin (@ gmail.com) Calgary, AB, Canada Updated December 2013