1. Solutions & Solubility
Creating Solutions

2. The Solution Process A. Solution - homogeneous mixture
Solute - substance being dissolved
Solvent - dissolving medium

3. B. Solvation – the process of dissolving
The Solution Process
B. Solvation – the process of dissolving
1st solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles
First...
2nd solute particles are separated and pulled into solution
Then...

4. C. “Like Dissolves Like”
The Solution Process
C. “Like Dissolves Like”
NONPOLAR
POLAR
Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar compounds
Polar solvents dissolve polar molecules and ionic compounds

5. “Polar Dissolves Polar”

6. Electrolytes
A. Electrolytes – compounds that conduct an electric current in solutions
All ionic compounds are electrolytes
Compounds that don’t conduct an electric current are called nonelectrolytes – not composed of ions, includes many molecular compounds (covalent bonds)

7. Electrolytes Non- Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Strong Electrolyte+
sugar - +
acetic acid - +
salt
Non-
Electrolyte
Weak
Electrolyte
Strong
Electrolyte
solute exists as
molecules only
solute exists as
ions and
molecules
solute exists as
ions only
solute exists as
molecules only
solute exists as
ions and
molecules
solute exists as
ions only

8. Heterogeneous Systems
A. Suspensions – mixtures from which particles settle out upon standing and the average particle size is greater than 100 nm in diameter.
Clearly identified as two substances
Gravity or filtration will separate the particles
B. Colloids – heterogeneous mixtures containing particles that are between 1 nm and 100 nm in diameter
Appear to be homogeneous but particles are dispersed through medium
Ex: paint, aerosol spray, smoke, marshmallow, whipped cream

9. Heterogeneous Systems
C. Tyndall Effect - phenomenon observed when beam of light passes through a colloid or suspension
Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect
Colloid
Solution

10. Some Examples of Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes
Acids
(HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4)
Heavy metal halides
Most organic Compounds
Bases
(NaOH, KOH)
water
Glucose
Ions, Ionic compounds
(KCl, CaCl2, KClO3, MgSO4)
Organic (acids & bases)
Glycerol