1. Matter and Energy Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ____________ – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) _____________ – the ability to do work ________________

2. Composition of Matter Slide 2.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elements ___________________________________ 96% of the body is made from four elements __________________ Atoms _____________________________________

3. Atomic Structure Slide 2.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleus __________ (p + ) __________ (n 0 ) Outside of nucleus __________ (e - ) Figure 2.1

4. Identifying Elements Slide 2.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic number __________________________________ __________________________________ ___________________ Atomic mass number __________________________________

5. Atomic Weight and Isotopes Slide 2.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isotopes __________________________________ Atomic weight Close to mass number of most abundant isotope Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation

6. Radioactivity Slide 2.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radioisotope __________________________________ Radioactivity __________________________________

7. Molecules and Compounds Slide 2.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _____________ – two or more like atoms combined chemically _____________ – two or more different atoms combined chemically

8. Chemical Reactions Slide 2.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atoms are _________ by chemical bonds Atoms _____________ from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken

9. Electrons and Bonding Slide 2.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electrons occupy energy levels called _________________________ Electrons closest to the nucleus are most _____________________ Each shell has distinct properties Number of electrons has an upper limit Shells closest to nucleus fill first

10. Electrons and Bonding Slide 2.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bonding involves interactions between _____________________________ (valence shell) Full valence shells do not form bonds

11. Inert Elements Slide 2.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ________________________________ ___________ Rule of 8s Shell 1 has 2 electrons Shell 2 has 10 electrons 10 = 2 + 8 Shell 3 has 18 electrons 18 = 2 + 8 + 8 Figure 2.4a

12. Reactive Elements Slide 2.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Valence shells are ________________ ________________ __________ Tend to ________________ Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence Figure 2.4b

13. Chemical Bonds Slide 2.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ionic Bonds __________________________________ Ions _______________________________ Anions are ______________ Cations are _______________ Either donate or accept electrons

14. Chemical Bonds Slide 2.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _______________________ Atoms become stable through shared electrons Single covalent bonds share one electron Double covalent bonds share two electrons Figure 2.6c

15. Polarity Slide 2.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covalent bonded molecules Some are non-polar ______________ ______________ __ Some are polar ______________ ______________ __ Figure 2.7

16. Chemical Bonds Slide 2.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrogen bonds __________________________________

17. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Slide 2.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _______________________ (A+B  AB) Atoms or molecules combine Energy is absorbed for bond formation _______________________ (AB  A+B) Molecule is broken down Chemical energy is released

18. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Slide 2.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ______________________ (AB  AC+B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

19. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ________________________________ Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) ________________________________ Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H 2 O (water)

20. Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _________________________ Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties High heat capacity Polarity/solvent properties Chemical reactivity Cushioning

21. Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings __________________________ Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water Vital to many body functions Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

22. Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________ Can release detectable hydrogen ions ___________________ Proton acceptors Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

23. pH Slide 2.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measures relative concentration of _________________ pH 7 = ____________ pH below 7 = _______ pH above 7 = _______ Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

24. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _______________________________ Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size ____________________ – simple sugars ____________________ – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis ____________________ – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

25. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _____________________ Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water

26. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body _______________________ (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy

27. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body (continued) _________________________ Form cell membranes _________________________ Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

28. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _____________________________ Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

29. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Account for over half of the body’s organic matter Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function Act as __________________________________

30. Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Act as biological _______________ Increase the rate of ________________ Figure 2.16

31. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _____________________________ Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = _____________________________ G = _____________________________ C = _____________________________ T = _____________________________ U = _____________________________ Make DNA and RNA

32. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings _______________ __________ (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

33. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings __________________________ (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by __________________________________ __________________________________ ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels