1. Conductive system of heart

2. Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei
Contains actin and myosin myofilaments
Intercalated disks: specialized cell-cell contacts.
Cell membranes interdigitate
Desmosomes hold cells together
Gap junctions allow action potentials to move from one cell to the next.
Electrically, cardiac muscle of the atria and of the ventricles behaves as single unit
Cardiac Muscle
Mitochondria comprise 30% of volume of the cell vs. 2% in skeletal

3. The Action Potential in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
Figure 20.15

4. Cardiac Muscle Contraction
Heart muscle:
Is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable (automaticity)
Contracts as a unit; no motor units
Has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory period
Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to skeletal muscle contraction, i.e., sliding-filaments

7. Conductive System of Heart
Insert Process Fig with verbiage, Insert Animation: Conducting System of the Heart.exe

8. Conduction System of the Heart
SA node: sinoatrial node. The pacemaker.
Specialized cardiac muscle cells.
Generate spontaneous action potentials (autorhythmic tissue).
Action potentials pass to atrial muscle cells and to the AV node
AV node: atrioventricular node.
Action potentials conducted more slowly here than in any other part of system.
Ensures ventricles receive signal to contract after atria have contracted
AV bundle: passes through hole in cardiac skeleton to reach interventricular septum
Right and left bundle branches: extend beneath endocardium to apices of right and left ventricles
Purkinje fibers:
Large diameter cardiac muscle cells with few myofibrils.
Many gap junctions.
Conduct action potential to ventricular muscle cells (myocardium)

9. Autorhythmic cells: Initiate action potentials
Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials
Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential

10. Sequence of Excitation
Sinoatrial (SA) node generates impulses about 75 times/minute
Atrioventricular (AV) node delays the impulse approximately 0.1 second
Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) to the Purkinje fibers and finally to the myocardial fibers

11. Impulse Conduction through the Heart

12. Pacemaker and Action Potentials of the Heart

14. Pacemaker potentials
Rhythmically discharging cells have a membrane potential that, after each impulse, declines to the firing level. Thus, this Prepotential pacemaker potential triggers the next impulse
At the peak of each impulse, IK begins and brings about repolarization. IK then declines, and a channel that can pass both Na+ and K+ is activated. Because this channel is activated following hyperpolarization, it is referred to as an “h” channel; however, because of its unusual (funny) activation this has also been dubbed an “f” channel
As I h increases,the membrane begins to depolarize, forming the first part of the prepotential. Ca2+ channels then open

15. These are of two types in the heart, the T(for transient)channels and the L(for longlasting)channels.
The action potentials in the SA and AV nodes are largely due to Ca2+ , with no contribution by Na+ influx. Consequently, there is no sharp, rapid depolarizing spike before the plateau,as there is in other parts of the conduction system and the atrial and ventricular fibers

16. In addition, prepotentials are normally prominent only in the SA and AV nodes. However, “latent pacemakers” are present in other portions of the conduction system that can take over when the SA and AV nodes are depressed or conduction from them is blocked. Atrial and ventricular muscle fibers do not have prepotentials, and they discharge spontaneously only when injured or abnormal

17. Depolarization of SA Node
SA node - no stable resting membrane potential
Pacemaker potential
gradual depolarization from -60 mV, slow influx of Na+
Action potential
occurs at threshold of -40 mV
depolarizing phase to 0 mV
fast Ca2+ channels open, (Ca2+ in)
repolarizing phase
K+ channels open, (K+ out)
at -60 mV K+ channels close, pacemaker potential starts over
Each depolarization creates one heartbeat
SA node at rest fires at 0.8 sec, about 75 bpm

19. SA nodal fibers continuous with atrial fibers
Three Inter-nodal Pathways
Anterior: Bachmen
Middle: Wenckebach
Posterior: Thorel
Contain fibers similar to purkinji fibers
With rapid conduction

21. Av nodal delay Depolarization initiated in the SA node
spreads radially through the atria,
then converges on the AV node.
Atrial depolarization is complete in about 0.1 s. Because conduction in the AV node is slow (Table 30–1), a delay of about 0.1 s(AV nodal delay)occurs before excitation spreads to the ventricles

23. The slow conduction in transitional nodal and penetrating A-V bundle fibers which is caused by lesser number of gap junctions between the cells in conducting pathways result in great resistance to conduction of excitatory ions from one fiber to next.
Rapid transmission in ventricular purkenji system at a velocity of 1.5 – 4 m/s.
Rapid transmission in purkenji system is caused by high level of permeability of gap junction between the cells.
One way conduction through A-V bundle.

24. The A-V bundle passes downward in ventricular septum from mm dividing into left and right bundle branches.
Left bundle branch gives of anterior fascicle and posterior fascicle
Purkenji fibers penetrate the ventricular muscle
Velocity of transmission in ventricular m uscle m/s.

26. Ectopic Pace Makers
SA node functions as pace maker of heart because its rate of discharge is times per minute
AV node discharges at 40 – 60 per minute
Purkenji system discharge at 15 – 40 per minute.
ectopic pace makers if any part of the heart devalops rhythmical discharge that is more rapid than SA node
AV node or purkenji fibers some times become ectopic pace maker
Atrial and ventricular muscle devalops excessive excitability to and become the pace maker
The blockage of transmission from the SA node to other parts of heart may result in ectopic focci.
Stokes Adams syndrome

28. An Electrocardiogram