1. Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 7

2. Psychology Students Association (PSA)
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3. The Structure of the Nervous System
1. How are the components of the central nervous system protected from injury? (continued)
What terms are used to describe the anatomical directions of the nervous system?
3. What are the five divisions of the brain?
4. What are the primary structures found in the divisions of the brain?

4. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. discuss the generation and movement of cerebral spinal fluid through the ventricular system.
2. distinguish between the directional coordinates and planes used to identify the locations of structural features of the nervous system.

5. 3. distinguish between the myelencephalon,
3. distinguish between the myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon.
4. identify the locations of the primary structures in the divisions of the brain.
5. identify the main functions of the primary structures in the divisions of the brain.

6. How are the components of the central nervous system protected from injury? (continued)
3. Cerebrospinal fluid:
 A clear fluid found in three regions:
The subarachnoid space.
The central canal of the spinal cord.
The cerebral ventricles.
 Supports and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

7. The Fluid-Filled Ventricles and Central Canal

8. Hydrocephalus

9. In addition to the three anatomical features that protect
In addition to the three anatomical features that protect the CNS, the brain is protected from toxic substances by the blood brain barrier.
The cells that comprise the walls of the blood vessels of the brain are tightly packed, preventing the passage of many undesirable molecules from the blood into the brain.

10. What terms are used to describe the anatomical directions of the nervous system?
Neuroanatomists have developed a three-dimensional system of directional coordinates to describe the location of nervous system structures in vertebrates.
These coordinates describe location in relation to the orientation of the spinal cord.
Three primary axes are defined: anterior-posterior (rostral-caudal), dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral.

11. Anatomical Directions of the Nervous System
Figure 3.14

12. Anatomical Directions of the Nervous System

13. Horizontal, Frontal, and Sagittal Planes

14. Exercise: Application of Terminology
The nose is _____________ to the ears.
2. The chin is ______________ to the scalp.
3. The right nostril is _____________ to the right ear.
4. The heart is _____________ to the spinal cord.
5. The spinal cord is _____________ to the brain.

15. What are the five divisions of the brain?
The brain is comprised of five major divisions: The myelencephalon (medulla), metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon.
The mesencephalon, pons, and myelencephalon are collectively referred to as the brain stem.
The cerebral hemispheres comprise the telencephalon.

16. Early Development of the Mammalian Brain

17. Major Divisions of the Brain

18. What are the primary structures found in each division of the brain?
1. Myelencephalon (Medulla)
Composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the brain and body.
Contains:
The reticular formation (reticular activation system). Involved in vital functions: arousal, attention, sleep, movement, maintenance of muscle tone, cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes.

19. Reticular Formation

20. The Structure of the Nervous System
1. How are the components of the central nervous system protected from injury? (continued)
What terms are used to describe the anatomical directions of the nervous system?
3. What are the five divisions of the brain?
4. What are the primary structures found in the divisions of the brain?