1. Immunology
Chapter 1
Dr. Capers
IRSC

2. Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne
Kuby IMMUNOLOGY
Sixth Edition
Chapter 1
Overview of the Immune System
Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company

3. History
Discipline of immunology grew out of observation that individuals who recovered from infectious diseases were protected from disease
15th Century
Chinese and Turks tried to prevent smallpox
Dried crust from pustules were inhaled or inserted into small cuts
1718
Lady Montagu had that technique done in her children

4. A Little Bit of History

5. History 1798 1881 Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur
Noticed that milkmaids that contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox
Innoculated small boy with fluid from cowpox pustule
He then intentionally infected the boy with smallpox – the child did not develop smallpox
1881
Louis Pasteur
Vaccinated sheep with heat-attenuated anthrax
Then infected sheep with virulent strain of anthrax – they did not develop anthrax

6. History
1977
Last known naturally acquired case of smallpox
Is it still a threat?
In industrialized nations, measles, mumps, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, and diptheria are extremely rare or nonexistent
This is due to vaccines!
Prevent death, paralysis, deafness, blindness, mental retardation

7. History
1883
Metchnikoff demonstrated that certain white blood cells were able to phagocytize microorganisms
1901
Von Behring and Kitasato
Demonstrated that serum (noncellular component of blood) from animals immunized to diptheria could transfer that immunity to non-immunized animals

11. Does this by 2 related activites
Immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms from pathogens
Does this by 2 related activites
Recognition and response

12. 2 Systems of Immunity Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
1st line of defense
Molecular and cellular mechanisms deployed before an infection
Distinguishes between self and pathogens but not specialized to distinguish small differences in the foreign particles
Adaptive Immunity
Develops in response to infection
Adapts to recognize, eliminate, and remember pathogen

13. Innate Immunity Less specific 1st line of defense
Barriers that protect host
Skin
Acidity of stomach
Lysozymes in fluids
Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial peptides (interferons, complement)
Temperature

14. Adaptive Immunity Highly specific Characteristic attributes
Antigenic specificity
Antibodies can distinguish between 2 proteins that differ in only 1 amino acid
Diversity
Immunologic memory
Self-nonself recognition

16. Adaptive Immunity Effective Immune response involves 2 groups of cells
Lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
Antigen-presenting cells

17. Lymphocytes B cells Mature in bone marrow
Antigen binding receptor – Antibody
Glycoproteins

18. Antibodies Glycoproteins Structure
2 identical polypeptides – heavy chains
2 shorter identical polypeptides – light chains

19. Antibodies Antigen coated by antibody is eliminated in several ways
Antibody can cross-link several antigens, making it easier to be ingested by phagocytic cells
Activate complement system resulting in lysis of microorganism

20. Lymphocytes T cells Arise in bone marrow but mature in thymus
2 well define subpopulations of T cells
T helper cells
T cytotoxic cells

21. T cells
Can only recognize antigen bound to cell membrane proteins called Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
MHC molecules are expressed by antigen-presenting cells
B cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

22. T cells Cytokines secreted by TH cells can activate phagocytic cells
TC cells can kill altered self-cells
Cells infected by viruses
Tumor cells

23. Antigen presenting cell associating with T cell

27. Initial encounter with antigen causes primary response
Later contact with antigen will result in more rapid response

28. Immune Dysfunction Allergies and Asthma Graft rejection
Autoimmune Disease
Immunodeficiency